Cognitive psychology

Question 1

reaction time

Answer 1

elapsed time between stimulus presentation and the subjects response

Question 2

brain imaging

Answer 2

used to associate various cognitive processes with various brain parts

Question 3

Herman ebbinghaus- method of savings

Answer 3

measuring retention by measuring how much faster one relearns material that has been previously learned and then forgotten.

Question 4

ebbinghaus- forgetting curve

Answer 4

decrease in ability of the brain to retain memory over time.

Question 5

Encoding

Answer 5

putting information into memory

Question 6

Storage

Answer 6

retaining information in memory

Question 7

Retrieval

Answer 7

recovering the information in memory

Question 8

Recall

Answer 8

reproducing info you have been exposed to

Question 9

Recognition

Answer 9

realizing that a certain stimulus event is one you have heard or seen before

Question 10

generation-recognition

Answer 10

attempt to explain why you can recognize more than recall; recall is same process but with an extra step

Question 11

order effects

clustering:

Answer 11

people tend to recall words belong to same category together

Question 12

stage theory of memory

Answer 12

• sensory memory
• short term or working memory
• long term memory

Question 13

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 13

repeating info; keeps in short term memory

Question 14

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 14

organizing info by associating it with info in long term memory

Question 15

procedural memory

Answer 15

remembering how to do things

Question 16

declarative memory

+ 2 types Semantic & episodic

Answer 16

remembering explicit info

semantic memory: remembering general knowledge
episodic memory: remembering personal events

Question 17

Collins and Loftus - spreading activation model

Answer 17

the shorter the distance between 2 words, the closer they are related in semantic memory

Question 18

Semantic verification task

Answer 18

method used to investigate organization of semantic memory

Question 19

semantic feature comparison model

Answer 19

semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts ; key is amount of overlap of features in concepts

Question 20

levels of processing / depths of processing theory

Answer 20

what determines how long you remember info depends on how you process the material

3 ways

1. physical (visual)
2. acoustical (sound)
3. semantic (meaning)

Question 21

Paivio’s dual code hypothesis

Answer 21

info can be scored in 2 ways : visually and verballu

Question 22

schema / schemata

Answer 22

conceptual frameworks we use to organize our knowledge

Question 23

decay theory

Answer 23

if info in long term memory is not used then it will be forgotten

Question 24

inhibition theory

Answer 24

forgetting is due to activities that take place between original learning and later attempted recall

Question 25

Proactive inhibition

Answer 25

what you learned earlier interferes with what you learned later

Question 26

retroactive inhibition

Answer 26

forgetting what you learned earlier as you learn something new

Question 27

state-dependent learning

Answer 27

recall is better when psychological or physical state is the same as when you learned the info

Question 28

Method of loci

Answer 28

associating info with some sequence of places you are familiar with

Question 29

Bartlett & war of Ghosts

Answer 29

subjects reconstructed the story in line with their culture expectations and schema of a ghost story

Question 30

Elizabeth Loftus and false memories

Answer 30

- much of eyewitness memory can be erroneous | - studied accuracy of repressed early memories

Question 31

Zeigarnik effect

Answer 31

tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than completed tasks

Question 32

Mental set

Answer 32

tendency to keep repeating solutions that worked in other situations

Question 33

Functional fixedness

Answer 33

a cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used

Question 34

divergent thinking

Answer 34

many creative solutions to a problem

Question 35

heuristics

Answer 35

shortcuts and rules of thumb when making decisions

Question 36

availability heuristic

Answer 36

mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision.

Question 37

representatives heuristic

Answer 37

used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty; categorizing things based on the prototypical image

Question 38

base-rate fallacy

Answer 38

committed when a person judges that an outcome will occur without considering prior knowledge of the probability that it will occur.; ignoring numerical info about items when categorizing them

Question 39

phonemes

Answer 39

smallest sound unit

Question 40

morphemes

Answer 40

smallest unit of meaning

Question 41

syntax

Answer 41

grammatical arrangement off words and sentences

Question 42

semantics

Answer 42

meaning of words and sentences

Question 43

surface structure

Answer 43

actual order of words in a sentence

Question 44

deep structure

Answer 44

underlying form that specifies the meaning of the sentence

Question 45

transformational rules

Answer 45

tell us how we can change from one sentence to another (from active voice to passive voice)

Question 46

Whorfian hypothesis

Answer 46

language determines how reality is perceived

Question 47

fluid intelligence

Answer 47

increases through adolescence levels off in young adulthood declines in advance age

Question 48

crystallized intelligence

Answer 48

increases throughout life span

Question 49

A psychologist finds that subjects who drink coffee before viewing a videotape of a comedian find her to be funnier than subjects who did not drink coffee. This best supports which theory?

Answer 49

cognitive-physiological theory of emotion

Question 50

which is not a basic language component? ``` phonology morphology syntax semantics pragmatics ```

Answer 50

morphology

Question 51

which is the best way to present a tone in order to enhance memory of vanishing letters?

Answer 51

one second after letters have vanished

Question 52

jess made a list of movies. when recalling, he grouped them together by genre this is called - chunking - clustering

Answer 52

clustering

Question 53

Dual-code hypothesis suggests that

Answer 53

concrete information tends to be recalled better than abstract information

Question 54

George sperling discovered that sensory memory could hold how many pieces of information?

Answer 54

9

Question 55

If a psychologist wanted to test someone to see if experience affected his ability to solve problems ,they might use

Answer 55

luchin's water jar problem