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Psychology GRE Cards > Cognitive psychology > Flashcards

Cognitive psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

reaction time

A

elapsed time between stimulus presentation and the subjects response

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2
Q

brain imaging

A

used to associate various cognitive processes with various brain parts

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3
Q

Herman ebbinghaus- method of savings

A

measuring retention by measuring how much faster one relearns material that has been previously learned and then forgotten.

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4
Q

ebbinghaus- forgetting curve

A

decrease in ability of the brain to retain memory over time.

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5
Q

Encoding

A

putting information into memory

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6
Q

Storage

A

retaining information in memory

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7
Q

Retrieval

A

recovering the information in memory

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8
Q

Recall

A

reproducing info you have been exposed to

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9
Q

Recognition

A

realizing that a certain stimulus event is one you have heard or seen before

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10
Q

generation-recognition

A

attempt to explain why you can recognize more than recall; recall is same process but with an extra step

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11
Q

order effects

clustering:

A

people tend to recall words belong to same category together

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12
Q

stage theory of memory

A
  • sensory memory
  • short term or working memory
  • long term memory
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13
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating info; keeps in short term memory

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14
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

organizing info by associating it with info in long term memory

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15
Q

procedural memory

A

remembering how to do things

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16
Q

declarative memory

+ 2 types Semantic & episodic

A

remembering explicit info

semantic memory: remembering general knowledge
episodic memory: remembering personal events

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17
Q

Collins and Loftus - spreading activation model

A

the shorter the distance between 2 words, the closer they are related in semantic memory

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18
Q

Semantic verification task

A

method used to investigate organization of semantic memory

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19
Q

semantic feature comparison model

A

semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts ; key is amount of overlap of features in concepts

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20
Q

levels of processing / depths of processing theory

A

what determines how long you remember info depends on how you process the material

3 ways

  1. physical (visual)
  2. acoustical (sound)
  3. semantic (meaning)
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21
Q

Paivio’s dual code hypothesis

A

info can be scored in 2 ways : visually and verballu

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22
Q

schema / schemata

A

conceptual frameworks we use to organize our knowledge

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23
Q

decay theory

A

if info in long term memory is not used then it will be forgotten

24
Q

inhibition theory

A

forgetting is due to activities that take place between original learning and later attempted recall

25
Q

Proactive inhibition

A

what you learned earlier interferes with what you learned later

26
Q

retroactive inhibition

A

forgetting what you learned earlier as you learn something new

27
Q

state-dependent learning

A

recall is better when psychological or physical state is the same as when you learned the info

28
Q

Method of loci

A

associating info with some sequence of places you are familiar with

29
Q

Bartlett & war of Ghosts

A

subjects reconstructed the story in line with their culture expectations and schema of a ghost story

30
Q

Elizabeth Loftus and false memories

A
  • much of eyewitness memory can be erroneous

- studied accuracy of repressed early memories

31
Q

Zeigarnik effect

A

tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than completed tasks

32
Q

Mental set

A

tendency to keep repeating solutions that worked in other situations

33
Q

Functional fixedness

A

a cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used

34
Q

divergent thinking

A

many creative solutions to a problem

35
Q

heuristics

A

shortcuts and rules of thumb when making decisions

36
Q

availability heuristic

A

mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision.

37
Q

representatives heuristic

A

used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty; categorizing things based on the prototypical image

38
Q

base-rate fallacy

A

committed when a person judges that an outcome will occur without considering prior knowledge of the probability that it will occur.; ignoring numerical info about items when categorizing them

39
Q

phonemes

A

smallest sound unit

40
Q

morphemes

A

smallest unit of meaning

41
Q

syntax

A

grammatical arrangement off words and sentences

42
Q

semantics

A

meaning of words and sentences

43
Q

surface structure

A

actual order of words in a sentence

44
Q

deep structure

A

underlying form that specifies the meaning of the sentence

45
Q

transformational rules

A

tell us how we can change from one sentence to another (from active voice to passive voice)

46
Q

Whorfian hypothesis

A

language determines how reality is perceived

47
Q

fluid intelligence

A

increases through adolescence
levels off in young adulthood
declines in advance age

48
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

increases throughout life span

49
Q

A psychologist finds that subjects who drink coffee before viewing a videotape of a comedian find her to be funnier than subjects who did not drink coffee. This best supports which theory?

A

cognitive-physiological theory of emotion

50
Q

which is not a basic language component?

phonology
morphology
syntax
semantics
pragmatics
A

morphology

51
Q

which is the best way to present a tone in order to enhance memory of vanishing letters?

A

one second after letters have vanished

52
Q

jess made a list of movies. when recalling, he grouped them together by genre

this is called

  • chunking
  • clustering
A

clustering

53
Q

Dual-code hypothesis suggests that

A

concrete information tends to be recalled better than abstract information

54
Q

George sperling discovered that sensory memory could hold how many pieces of information?

A

9

55
Q

If a psychologist wanted to test someone to see if experience affected his ability to solve problems ,they might use

A

luchin’s water jar problem

Psychology GRE Cards (8 decks)

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