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EPPP > Social Psych > Flashcards

Social Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Minority Influence (within conformity research

A

Hollander: In order to successfully challenge majority opinion, person must first conform to establish credibility which allows for accumulation of Idiosyncracy credits (like brownie points)

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2
Q

Heider’s theory

A

Originator of attribution theory, proposed ppl either make Dispositional (internal cause of bx) or Situational (outside cause of bx) Attributions

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3
Q

Harold Kelley proposed that attributions are based on what 3 types of information?

A

Consistency-does person behave same way over time?
Distinctiveness-is the bx unique to a particular situation (high) or happen all the time (low)?
Consensus-would other ppl in situation behave similarly?

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4
Q

Kelley proposed that ppl make ____ attributions for behaviors high in consistency and low in distinctiveness and consensus

A

Internal

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5
Q

Kelley proposed that pp make ____ attributions for bxs that are all high in consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

A

External

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6
Q

Weiner proposed the dimension of ____ to attributions

A

Stability (applied to internal & external factors)

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7
Q

Learned helplessness

A

When person attributes negative events to internal, stable, global causes, they are more like to feel depressed and helpless

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8
Q

Abramson & Alloy research on depressed persons appraisals

A

not necessarily more pessimistic than non depressed ind, but more realistic, proposed idea of “sadder but wiser.”

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9
Q

Fundamental Attribution Bias

A

*Only about another’s bx, when they fail
Attribute others’ bx to dispositional factors and underestimate impact of situational variables; contributes to blaming the victim

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10
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

*Attributions about one’s own and others’ bx-when both FAIL

Attribute own actions to situational factors, but others bx to dispositional factors

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11
Q

Self Serving Bias

A

*Only about your bx, but diff attribution for success vs. failure
Attribute own successes to dispositional factors, but failures to situational factors

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12
Q

Heuristic

A

Guidelines ppl use to categorize other ppl, situations or events

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13
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Estimate the likelihood of a situation based on how easily they can recall it
Ex: ppl rate death by firearms as more freq than asthma b/c of news coverage

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14
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Make judgments about others or situations based on what you believe is typical example of a particular category
Ex: assumption that victim of spousal abuse is female

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15
Q

Simulation heuristic

A

Ppl develop mental images of situations then use mental images to make judgments about real events in their lives
Ex: Jealous partner imagines cheating, believes it’s really happening

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16
Q

George Kelly’s theory

A

Personal Construct Theory

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17
Q

Personal Construct Theory

A

Fundamental postulate: We perceive the world according to what we expect to see, based on our experiences

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18
Q

Repertory Grid Technique

A

Assoc w/George Kelly’s Personal Construct theory, tech to map a person’s constructs w/o contamination of interviewer

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19
Q

3 components of an Attitude

A

Cognitive
Affective
Behavioral

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20
Q

LaPiere Study

A

He traveled throughout US w/a Chinese couple and only one restaurant refused service in spite of widespread prejudice at that time, by survey all of the restaurants said they would refuse to serve Asians

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21
Q

Situational Constraint

A

People may act against their beliefs to avoid making a scene

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22
Q

Balance theory

A

Heider- re:attitude formation & change; ppl change attitudes when there is imbalance between perspectives of ppl involved

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23
Q

Symmetry Theory

A

Newcomb, re: attitude formation & change; The stronger the bond between ppl, the more any imbalance will be felt, leading to stronger motivation to change attitudes

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24
Q

Congruity Theory

A

Osgood, re: attitude change: ppl will favor the object to which they feel greater affinity

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25
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

Festinger; re:attitude change; most popular theory, ppl motivated to change cognitions when become aware of discrepancy between beliefs & bx

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26
Q

Festinger & Carlsmith Study

A

Cognitive diss study: participants paid $1 (as opposed to $20) rated a dull task as more interesting after lying to incoming participants that task was interesting

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27
Q

Self Perception Theory

A

Daryl Bem; attitude change theory- contrast to cognitive diss theory & other consistency theories; proposes that ppl infer their attitudes by observing their own bx…“I did it, so I believe it”
Idea that ppl look outsides themselves when they don’t know reason for their bx

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28
Q

Overjustification Hypothesis

A

Ppl lose interest in previously desirable activities after performing for too much justification (decreased intrinsic motivation with reward)
Ex: child who likes reading will read less over time if she is rewarded for doing so

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29
Q

Self Verification Theory

A

Swann, re: self concept; ppl are motivated to confirm their self concept, even if it is (-); seems most robust

30
Q

Bx Confirmation Theory

A

Self concept theory: ppl motivated to confirm others’ expectations of them. Not well supported by research, especially when expectations are neg

31
Q

3 Self Concept Theories

A

Self Verification
Bx Confirmation
Self Enhancement

32
Q

Self Enhancement Theory

A

ppl motivated to think favorably of themselves, want others to think well of them too

33
Q

3 factors impacting persuasion toward attitude change

A
  1. Source of the communication
  2. Message itself
  3. Audience
34
Q

For relatively unimportant matters, source of persuasion is most influential when they are ___, ___, and ___

A

Likable
similar to the recipient of info
Attractive

35
Q

For deeply felt convictions, source of persuasion is most influential when deemed ____, which involves ___ and ___

A

credible
trustworthiness (person has little to gain)
expertise

36
Q

For fear tactics to work in persuasion, they must ___, ____, ____

A

engender a lot of fear
be believable
provide specific instructions for avoiding the danger

37
Q

Primacy Effect

Hint: Long gap—> speak first

A

When there is a long gap between when a message is presented & action, the speaker who speaks 1st will be remembered best.
Ex: Voting in an election following a debate or speeches

38
Q

Recency Effect

Hint: Short gap—> speak last

A

Where there is a small gap between when a message is presented and action, audience will remember speaker who went last

39
Q

Reactance Theory

A

Ppl will not respond to persuasion if they believe their freedom is threatened; explains why coercion is mostly ineffective for attitude change

40
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

A

2 ways in which ppl are persuaded:
Peripheral Route: Focuses on aspects of message that are not central to the message, for example attractiveness of the speaker
Central Route: Focus on relevant information & elaborates on message’s arguments; requires motivation to think deeply about ideas

41
Q

Inoculation (within persuasion)

Hint: similar to mech of vaccines

A

Technique to increase resistance to persuasion. Person practices refuting mild arguments against a belief, which increases ability to refute stronger arguments against the belief

42
Q

3 basic types of conflict

A

Approach-approach (choosing b/t 2 favorable choices)
Approach-Avoidance (choosing to do something w/both desirable & undesirable results- ex. having a child)
Avoidance-Avoidance (choosing b/t 2 undesirable choices)

43
Q

Sources of Prejudice

A

Learned prejudice
Cognitive processes- ingroup favoritism & outgroup negativity; outgroup homogeneity effect (“they all look alike to me”)
Personality traits- high authoritarianism
Competition for limited resources- possibly explains why lower SES whites are more prejudice than higher SES whites
Displaced aggression

44
Q

Sherif’s Robber’s Cave study

A

group of 11-12 year old boys at summer camp. 1st created strong ingroup/outgroup identification to create rivalry, then demonstrated how cooperation on shared difficult/rewarding tasks could eliminate prejudice

45
Q

Superordinate goals

A

Deemed more important than individual goals, can reduce prejudice *Sherif Robber’s Cave study

46
Q

3 Main Theories of Emotion

A

James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Schacter’s 2 Factor Theory

47
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

Emotions result of perceiving bodily reactions or resp
My heart is racing—I must be afraid
*not well supported by research b/c body cannot perceive subtle diffs between emotional states i.e. fear vs. excitement

48
Q

Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion

A

Emotions & bodily reactions occur at the same time as messages from environ go to diff brain areas
Bodily reactions are not necessary for feeling

49
Q

Schacter’s 2 Factor Theory of Emotion

A

Emotion result of info from 2 systems:
Internal (hypothalamus & limbic system)
External (situational context)
Person experiences arousal then looks to environ for cues to explain
*Heart pounding on rollercoaster-excitement
*Heart pounding at EPPP- anxiety

50
Q

Schacter & Singer’s Epinephrine Studies

A

Participants who were not told they were given epinephrine looked to environ cues to interp phys arousal. when w/happy confederate, intep happy emotions. when w/depress confed, interp sadness

51
Q

Social Comparison Theory

A

When no objective standard exists, ppl compare themselves to others in order to eval their own bx & abilities
Can be “upward” or downward comparisons

52
Q

Significant Factors in Interpersonal Attraction

A

Physical Attractiveness-Matching Hypothesis
Proximity-Prox promotes attraction over time
Similarity
Reciprocity Hypothesis- like those who like us

53
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

attraction is impacted by costs and benefits of being in a relationship- when costs outweigh rewards, attraction declines

54
Q

Schacter study on arousal & attraction

*Hint: misery loves miserable company

A

ppl who believed they were about to receive a painful shock affiliated more than ppl who thought they were receiving a nonpainful shock

55
Q

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

A

Dollard; Proposed that aggression is always due to frustration & frustration always leads to some kind of aggression

56
Q

Sherif study of conformity

A

Studied the autokinetic effect (tendency to exp stationary light as moving in a dark room). Ind participant’s changed judgment to conform to group

57
Q

Asch study of conformity

A

1/3 of subjects chose obviously incorrect response to a simple task when 6 confederates chose incorrectly before them

58
Q

Conformity has been shown to peak in group with __ ppl that were unanimous

A

7

59
Q

3 Factors affecting Conformity

A
  1. Normative social influence- peer group more powerful than knowledge
  2. Informational social influence-conform based on assump that others have more info (i.e. brad followed craig rec about a bike)
  3. Reference groups- go w/judgment of ppl we like & admire
60
Q

The likelihood of a minority opinion influencing a group is enhanced when:

A

person persists in voicing their opinion, is logically coherent, firm yet flexible

61
Q

Milgram Studies of social influence

A

Almost 65% of participants obeyed commands of experimenter and administered most severe level of shock to confederates

62
Q

Key Factors in Obedience

A

Power of the authority figure
Placement of the responsibility/liability
Gradualism

63
Q

Foot in the door technique

A

compliance with initial request increases likelihood of subsequent compliance

64
Q

3 Types of Group Tasks

A

Additive
Disjunctive
Conjunctive

65
Q

Additive Tasks

A

In group work, Individual contributions come together to produce a combined effect

66
Q

Disjunctive Tasks

A

Outcome affected by performance of most effective group member

67
Q

Conjunctive Tasks

A

Outcome limited by perf of least effective group member

68
Q

Stanford Prison Study

A

Zimbardo; well adjusted students assigned as guard or inmate, had to stop study by day 6 due to guards taking on abusive role and prisoners becoming depressed
*Deindividuation

69
Q

Deindividuation in groups

A

Induced by feelings of ANONYMITY (key factor); process of suspending personal identity and adopting that of the group, involves decreased self awareness/regulation

70
Q

Barnum Effect

A

Find personal meaning in a statement that could be applied to anyone

71
Q

Lenore Walker’s cycle of DV

A 
3 stages:
Tension building
Acute Battering Incident
Loving Contrition
*stability result of balance btwn costs of abuse & benefits of the relationship

EPPP (18 decks)

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