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EPPP > Bio Bases of Bx: Cognitive Disorders > Flashcards

Bio Bases of Bx: Cognitive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Impact of stroke, trauma, tumor depends on 3 factors

A
  1. Size
  2. Specific location
  3. Cerebral Hemisphere
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2
Q

Aphasia

A

Language disorder
Resulting from damage or lesion to LEFT Hem
Nature of lang impairment based on location of lesion

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3
Q

Common Aphasias (4)

A

Broca’s
Wernicke’s
Conduction
Global

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4
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

*Hint: Broca=broken speech

A

Location: Left FRONTAL, motor strip
Impacts expression of speech
Dysarthia:Speech slow & effortful
Comprehension mostly intact

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5
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

*Hint: Garbage in, garbage out

A 
Location: Left TEMPORAL lobe
No lang comprehension
speak fluently, but nonsense
Often unaware they have a problem
Considered a receptive/sensory aphasia
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6
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

Location: Connection between expressive & receptive speech areas (between broca & Wernicke)
Intact lang comprehension
Fluent speech, but unable to repeat, nonsensical speech
May resemble Wernickes but are able to follow commands b/c they understand

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7
Q

Global Aphasia

A

Damage to most left cortex

Impairment to fluency, comprehension, repetition, naming, reading & writing

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8
Q

One sided neglect

A

Damage to one side of brain impacts fx on opposite side of body
Loss of sensation or movement
Ex: forget to dress one side of body, eating food from one side of plate

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9
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to carry out purposeful motor mvmts, though no deficit in motor or sensory skills
Muscles & limbs still move, but in wrong position or omit a step of a particular action

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10
Q

Agraphia

A

Impaired ability to write
Could include spelling, word selection, grammar, spatial arrangement
Left Hem damage to variety of areas

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11
Q

Alexia

A

Partial or complete inability to read
Most commonly due to stroke
Pure alexia is alexia without agraphia

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12
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize familiar face
Typically retrograde & anterograde
Due to injury to the visual assoc cortex

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13
Q

Anosagnosia

A

Lack of awareness of disability

Ex: Wernickes where ppl don’t recognize they are speaking gibberish

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14
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in brain ventricles, causing increased intracranial pressure
Often caused by malabsorption of CSF
Can be caused by head injuries, tumors, meningitis, or encephalitis

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15
Q

Dementia is characterized by memory impairment + at least one of the following deficits

A
  1. Aphasia (language probs)
  2. Apraxia (motor probs)
  3. Agnosia (difficulty recognizing objects)
  4. Executive functioning deficits (planning, organizing, sequencing, abstracting)
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16
Q

True or false: overall rate of dementia is equal in men & women

A

True

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17
Q

What is the most common form of dementia?

A

Alzheimers disease; accounts for over 1/2 of cases

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18
Q

True of False: Alzheimers is more common in men

A

False- women

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19
Q

Alzheimers is a diagnosis of _____, where all other possible medical, neurological, and psychiatric causes are ruled out first

A

Exclusion- can only be confirmed upon autopsy

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20
Q

Alzheimers stages: Early Phase

A

Impaired recent memory (forgetting names of items, forget what one is doing, diff problem solving)
Irritability, frustration, anger

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21
Q

Alzheimers stages: Middle Stage

A

Further impaired memory
Cognitive deficits like aphasia, apraxia, agnosia
Confusion, wandering, socially undesirable bxs

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22
Q

Alzheimers stages: Late Stage

A

Gait & motor probs

Possibly mute

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23
Q

Alzheimers progresses most rapidly when ____________

A

onset is early, or before 65 years of age

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24
Q

Etiology of Alzheimers Disease

A

Genetic component: 1st degree relatives 6x more likely to develop
Brain changes: Senile Plaques & Neurofibrillary tangles especially in hippocampus & amygdala
Changes in neurotrans: Decrease in acetylcholine

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25
Q

Most common medication tx for Alzheimers

A

Aricept (donepezil)

26
Q

True or False: Vascular dementia is twice as common in males as females

A

True

27
Q

Vascular Dementia

A

Result of small cerebrovascular accidents, or strokes

Onset abrupt, marked by rapid changes described as step wise due to plateaus followed by further degeneration

28
Q

Half of ppl dx w/vascular dementia die within __ years of dx

A

2-3

29
Q

Tx of Vascular Dementia

A

Prevention efforts through lifestyle changes
No medications to reverse impact of stroke but aspirin, anticoagulants, antihypertensives frequently prescribed to reduce likelihood of future strokes

30
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A 
Movement disorder characterized by:
tremor
rigidity
bradykinesia (slowed initiation of movement)
shuffling gait
dementia (30 -50% of patients)
depression (50-90% of patients)
31
Q

Etiology of Parkinson’s Disease

A

Degeneration of neurons in substantia nigra (section of basal ganglia). decrease in dopamine

32
Q

Tx of Parkinson’s

A

L-Dopa (levodopa), a precursor to dopamine treats movement component
No tx to slow progression or decrease sxs of dementia
Antidepressants may help with emotional & cognitive fx

33
Q

Neurotransmitters assoc with Eating Disorders

A

Serotonin & norepinephrine (implicated in appetite & mood)

34
Q

Chemotherapy preferred tx for childhood tumors over radiation b/c radiation contributes to:

A

learning problems & growth deficiencies

35
Q

Cerebral Palsy most commonly results from

A

trauma at birth

36
Q

Dementia due to head trauma

A

non progressive if result of single head trauma

37
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Involves basal ganglia, result of autosomal dominant gene
Onset 35 to 45 years, Offspring have 50% chance of being affected
Sxs: personality change, progressive dementia, choreiform mvmts (brisk jerking mvmts of pelvis, trunk, limbs), athetotis (slow writhing mvmts), facial grimaces

38
Q

Neurotransmitters implicated in Huntington’s

A

acetylcholine & GABA
Destruction of caudate nuc & putamen results in dec level of GABA (which is produced in bas ganglia), GABA moderates/inhibits production of dopamine. Without it, there is too much dopamine which results in chorea (uncontrollable, irregular muscle mvmts of arms legs & face)

39
Q

Pick’s Disease

A

Rare disease, clinically indistinguishable from Alz Disease
Twice as common in women
Onset btwn 50s and 60s
Frontal & temporal lobes affected
Decreased initiative, inappropriate bx, euphoria, explosive temper, poor impulse control, probs w/memory & language
Apraxias & agnosias less common than Alz Dis

40
Q

Aids Dementia

A

10-15% of ppl w/AIDS develop
Cognitive sxs-memory, language
Motor Sxs
Behavioral Symptoms-apathy, withdrawal, mood swings,

41
Q

Dementia due to head trauma

A 
Acute brain injury- delirium or amnestic disorder
Closed head (Concussions, Contusions)
Open Head
42
Q

Concussions

A

most common, neural dysfunction but no cerebral contusion
Often causes anterograde amnesia & retrograde (events just before injury, incident itself but remote events remain intact)
Most common sx: irritability, fatigue, headache, dizziness

43
Q

Contusions

A

brain bruises, coup-countercoup injuries (both sides of brain due to impact against skull and backlash)
Temp aphasia, slight hemiparesis, unilateral numbness

44
Q

Pseudodementia

A

False dementia- due to depression

Subjective complaints of memory loss may be a sign, with rapid onset & progression

45
Q

Delirium/Acute Confusional State

A

Syndrome resulting from disturbances to consciousness
Acetylcholine implicated
Reduced ability to focus, disoriented, memory deficit
Acute onset, fluctuating course, clouded sensorium, reversible if underlying condition treated

46
Q

Common causes of delirium

A

infections, metabolic & endocrine disorders, postoperative states, substance intoxication, substance withdrawal

47
Q

Amnestic Disorders (only memory impaired) most commonly caused by:

A

head trauma

alcohol abuse

48
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Amnestic disorder
caused by chronic thiamin deficiency assoc w/alcoholism
Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde for remote memory of adult life
Results in confabulation
Lack of insight
limited spontaneous conversation

49
Q

2 Major phases of sleep:

A 
non REM (stages 1 thru 4)
REM
50
Q

When a person is alert & active, ___ waves predominate; during relaxation, ___ waves predominate

A

beta

alpha

51
Q

Stages of sleep

A

Stage 1-brief transitional stage between wake & sleep, theta waves (4 to 8 Hz)
Stage 2- Greatest amt of time during sleep; charac by spindles or rhythmical responses of 12 to 16 Hz
Stages 3 & 4- slow delta waves of 1 to 2 Hz, hard to awaken
REM sleep-follows stage 4, EEG patterns of stage 1 with REM

52
Q

Tonic Clonic Seizures

A

Tonic stage- continuous tension or contraction followed by clonic stage (rapid involuntary, alternating muscle contractions, relaxation)
Occur during grand mal seizure

53
Q

Petit Mal Seizures

A

Absence seizures, most often in children

Change in level of consciousness, blinking/rolling of eyes, blank stare, slight mouth mvmts, posture retained

54
Q

Simple Partial Seizures

A

electrical abnormalities in a focal area of the brain
can affect very small area of body vs half of the body
remain conscious, can recall details

55
Q

Jacksonian Seizures

A

Initially localized motor seizure, with spread of abnormal activity to adjacent brain areas

56
Q

Complex Partial Seizures

A

Preceded by an aura
Purposeless bx
lip smacking, unintelligible speech

57
Q

Tests of brain fx & structure (3 types)

A

PET Scan- show fx capacity for a particular brain region
MRI- Visualization of brain structure
CAT scan- x ray like pics of internal organs of the brain, very clear & accurate

58
Q

Synesthesia

A

2 or more senses are connected

seeing music, or smelling colors

59
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Hans Selye’s model of response to severe stress:
Stages
Alarm-sympathetic nervous system activated; lowered resistance to illness
Resistance-alarm reaction subsides, body adapts to stressor, resistance to illness above normal
Exhaustion-response to chronic unremitting stress, sign loss of health

60
Q

Health Belief Model

A

Rosenstock

Ind who believe they can control their health are more likely to engage in healthy habits

EPPP (18 decks)

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