Developmental Psych Flashcards
What is the synchrony effect?
May & Hasher: The benefit of matching tasks with preferred time of day. Varies with age. Young children & older adults work best in the morning. Age 12 through young adults work best in the evening. Attentional regulation is most impacted by time of day
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Developments (8)
Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 18 months)
Autonomy vs. Shame (Early childhood- up to 3 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool- 3 to 5 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (School age- 5 to 12)
Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adol- 12 to 18)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult 18 to 40)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 to 65)
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65+)
2 Kinds of Developmental Change
Qualitative
Quantitative
Qualitative Change
Development is discontinuous, where periods of little change alternate with periods of abrupt, rapid change.
Stage theories assert that difference between developmental stages are characterized by qualitative shifts in thinking rather than simply knowing more
Name 3 Stage Theorists who believe in qualitative developmental change
Piaget
Kohlberg
Erikson
Quantitative Change
Development is continuous, with new abilities & knowledge developing continually over time
Theorist Assoc w/quantitative change
Robbie Case
True of False: Environment affects outcomes more significantly in early years compared to later adulthood.
True
Bronfenbrenner Ecological Approach
5 levels of environmental influence: Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem
Microsystem
Everyday environment of person (home, school, work, neighborhood)
Mesosystem
Interaction between microsystems
Ex- parent teacher conference; works friends at fall party
Exosystem
Exosystem- Relationship between 2 or more settings, one of which does not directly contain the person
Ex- Elise doesn’t come to work with me, but is work may influence how I parent
Macrosystem
Influence of culture, religion, economy, politics
Chronosystem
Addresses passage of time in a person’s life. Includes expansion of family, moving, changes to larger environment like war
Critical period vs. Sensitive Period
Critical- specific time when something must form or occur, or it will not occur at all; most sensitive to environment or stimulation. Ex: formation of organs during embryonic stage
Sensitive-Stimulation & learning has more of an impact than at other times, but can still develop later at a less optimal time
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Only in men, extra X chrom- XXY; taller, less intelligent, partial breast dev, small testicles, higher voice, unable to have children
Turner’s Syndrome
Only in women, missing X chrom- XO; normal intellect, no menstruation or ovulation
Down’s Syndrome
Trisomy 21, 3 chrom on chromosome 21; mental retardation, broad skull, slanted eyes, reduced activity
PKU
Autosomal recessive d/o caused by defective gene impacting metabolism-phenylalanine not metabolized properly, can result in severe mental deficiency
Hemophilia
most often in males, sex linked recessive disorder, excessive bleeding, reduced clotting
3 stages of the prenatal period
Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal
Germinal period
Conception to 2 weeks
Zygote rapidly divides and implants onto uterus wall
Embryonic Period
2 weeks to 12 weeks
Dev of major organ systems & structures, incl nervous, respiratory, circulatory, & digestive systems, eyes, ears, limbs,
Most vulnerable to teratogens
Fetal period
8/12 weeks to birth
rapid growth, more complexity to organ systems
nails, lashes develop
charac by cephalocaudal dev
Cephalocaudal Development
Growth proceeds from top of body down
Organizational/activational hypothesis of sex differences
proposes hormones influence sex diffs in 2 phases
1- Early life, males & females exposed to diff levels of hormones that organize nervous system
2- Puberty- males & fem expose to diff levels of sex steroids
Reflexes at birth
Hint: MR Babinski Grasps
Moro
Rooting
Babinski
Grasp
Moro reflex
Startle response, extend legs, arms, fingers, arch back
Rooting
turns head, opens mouth, sucking mvmts in response to touching cheek
Babinski
Spreading toes, twists foot when foot stroked
Infant can perceive color by about ___ months of age
4
Infants achieve 20/20 visual acuity between __ to ___ of age
6 months to 2 years
Binocular vision, for depth percep, develops at ___ of age
4 or 5 months
By __ an infant can distinguish mother’s face from others
1 month
What is cross modal fluency and when does it develop?
Ability to imitate facial expressions; 2 -3 weeks of age
When does a social smile typically emerge?
Around 2 months
Major Motor Milestones & Avg Age
Lifting head- 6 weeks Rolling over- 4 months Sitting alone- 7 months Crawling- 9 months Standing w/support- 9 months Standing alone- 12 months 1st steps- 12 to 15 months Walking up steps- 16 months
5 Stages of Brain Development
- Proliferation (Embryo 2-3 weeks old)
- Migration (Embryo 8 weeks old)
- Differentiation
- Myelination- postnatal
- Synaptogenesis-postnatal
Proliferation
New cells develop in the neural tube
Migration
Immature neurons migrate to specific brain locations, join other neurons to develop brain structures
Differentiation
Neurons take on distinct look, axons & dendrites
Myelination
myelin sheath developed; continues into the 20s, enhancing processing speed, attention span, and frontal lobe fxing
Synaptogenesis
Synapses are formed
True or False: Neurons develop prenatally & postnatally
False: Babies have most of the neurons it will ever have at birth. Neurons grow in size and increase their connections with age & experience
Children can recover language fx up to ___ years of age due to plasticity
7 or 8 years
Brain has lateralized fx, such that handedness are estab by age ___
7 or 8
Hippocampal development is complete by ___, leading to capacity for declarative memory in addition to procedural memory
Middle Childhood
Primary vs. Secondary Aging
Primary- natural upper limit of human lifespan, genetically controlled, daily stressors wear out body’s cells
Secondary-results from disease, disuse, neglect of body
Health Belief Model
perceptions of vulnerability & beliefs about illness influence health bx; health bx result of psychosoc factors, perceived susceptibility to disease, perceived benefits of preventative action vs perceived barriers
What is the most significant, preventable health risk
Smoking
Social Buffer Hypothesis
PERCEPTION of adequate social support reduces risk of emotional and health distress
Stages of Language Development
Crying
Cooing- 6 wks to 3 mos
Babbling 4 to 6 months
Word Comprehension- 9 to 10 mos, “no” and name
Echolalia (deliberate imitation of sound, but no meaning)
Holophrasic speech- 12 to 18 mos use single word to express complete thought
Telegraphic speech-18 to 24 mos, put 2 words together to express an idea
Noam Chomsky’s Nativist view
Innate Language Acquisition Device- infants need minimal exposure to adult language to develop speech
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Speakers of different languages think or process differently according to the structure of their home language
Deep dyslexia
mistakenly reads a given word as one with similar meaning i.e. substitutes “coat” for “jacket”
Surface dyslexia
Person does not recognize whole words, so must sound them out i.e. reads “come” like “home” or dome
phonological dyslexia
inability to read non-words, but may read real words without difficulty
Neglect (in dyslexia)
misreads part of word
Epigenesis
belief that dev occurs in a series of stages, built on successful mastery of previous stage
3 Principle of Piaget’s Theory
Organization
Adaptation
Equilibration
Organization (according to Piaget)
Use mental representations that include schemata (organized patterns of bx that ppl use as a guide). As we age, babies can integrate independent schemas into one
Adaptation (acc to Piaget)
Changes to schemata for survival. Occurs through 2 processes: assimilation & accommodation
Assimilation (part of Adaptation in Piaget’s theory)
Incorporate new experience into existing schema
Ex- Call an eagle a “bird” initially. Or call an airplane a bird
Accomodation (part of adaptation in piaget’s theory)
Modify existing schema to accommodate for new information
Ex- Creation of new schema for airplane to differentiate from “bird”
Equilibration (acc to piaget)
Innate need for balance, determines extent to which child will use accommodation to organize exp. If cannot understand new situation w/ current schema, child will move toward accommodation, which restores balance
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Development & Time Frames
Sensorimotor - Birth to 2 years
Preoperational- 2 to 7 years
Concrete Operational- 7 to 11 years
Formal Operational- 11 yrs thru adol
2 Major Accomplishments of Sensorimotor stage
Object Permanence- after 3 to 4 months
Symbolic Representation-coincides w/dev of lang
Features of Preoperational stage
Hint; CIA is on a IEP
Centration-can only focus on one aspect of a problem at a time; ex- 2 rows of objects, if one is longer than other child will believe it has more objects
Irreversibility-cannot mentally undo something; ball of playdo rolled to cylinder. child cannot see as a ball anymore
Animism
Intuitive
Egocentrism
Phenomenalistic Causality
During concrete op stage, kids develop ____ & ____
- Operational thought:more logic, attend to multiple pieces of info at once , follow rules
- Conservation: Even if shape & form changes, objects still conserve other characteristics (understand same amt of liquid even if poured into diff glass)
During Formal op stage, adolescents develop ___
Metacognition
Constructivism
Associated w/piaget
Person develops new knowledge based on previous learning and through interaction with objects/environ; student emphasized over teacher
True or False: Piaget considered peers as more influential over cognitive dev than parents
True, because parents may be too intellectually advanced
Vgotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development
- Result of social interaction, where cognitive fxs are internalized over time as a result of relationships
- Defined the “Zone of Proximal Development” (instruction targeted just above child’s current dev level)
- Incorp concepts of scaffolding & reciprocal teaching
Information Processing Theory of Cog Development
Focuses on quantitative changes over the lifespan, where skills develop gradually and continually. Dev result of larger fund of info, better skills to discern isomorphs, cog flexibility, & capacity to self monitor
Personal Fable & Imaginary Audience are assoc w/ what theorist?
Elkind
Crystallized Intelligence
Overlearned skills & concepts, primarily verbal, stays intact over aging
Best WAIS subtests for crystallized intelligence
Vocab, Info, Comprehension
Fluid Intelligence
Capacity for prob solving in novel situations, declines in 30s/40s
Classic Aging Pattern
Decline in performance skills w/verbal skills remaining intact
2 components of short term memory
Primary Memory-passive holding of small amounts of info, remains intact in older adults (digit span)
Working Memory- briefly holds & manipulates info (digits backward), declines in older adulthood
Episodic memory/impact of age
Most decline w/age, memory for specific situations like what you had for breakfast
Semantic memory/impact of aging
Memory of facts, general knowledge, stays intact with age
Possible explanations for decline in memory with age
atrophy of hippocampus, decreased activity of acetylcholine, serotonin, toxic effects of endogenous amino acids
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
2 stages of moral reasoning: Morality of Constraint (age 5 to 10) characterized by heteronomous morality (unchangeable standard of right & wrong) & Morality of Cooperation (age 10 and up) charac by autonomous morality (more flexible, can consider intent behind action)
3 General Stages Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
Preconventional (age 4 to 10)
Conventional (10 to 13)
Postconventional (13 and up)
Preconventional Morality acc to Kohlberg
Age 4 to 10
Stage 1- Punishment Obedience Orientation: child focuses on avoiding punishment
Stage 2- Instrumental Hedonism- obey rules w/hope of reward
*Obedience out of self interest
Conventional Morality acc to kohlberg
10 to 13 years
Conform to rules for approval from others
Stage 3- Good Boy Good Girl Orientation-concerned w/approval through obedience
Stage 4- Law & Order orientation- focus on maintaining social order
Postconventional Morality acc to Kohlberg
13 and up, or maybe never
Decisions based on what is right, fair, recognition of conflicts btwn morality & socially accepted standards
Stage 5-Morality of contract, Ind Rights, & Democratically accepted Laws
Stage 6- Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience
Carol Gilligan’s 2 approaches to Moral Reasoning
- Justice Perspective: emphasis on fairness (preferred by males)
- Caring Perspective: model for women, incorp women’s tendency to think about responsibilities to specific ppl; suggested 3 level model for women’s morality
Freud’s Theory of Psychosoc Development
Based on libido theory Oral (birth to 12 months) Anal (1 to 3 years) Phallic (3 to 5 years) Latency (5/6 to adol) Genital (adol to adulthood)
Margaret Mahler’s Theory of psychosoc Development (6 stages)
Focuses on processes of separation (discrete physical entity) & individuation (psychological independence)
- Normal Infantile Autism-1st month; proposed infant not aware of world, not supported by research
- Symbiosis- 2 to 4 months, infant believes she &mother are one
- Differentiation- 5 to 10 months, able to distinguish between self & others *stranger anxiety
- Practicing- 10 to 16 months, able to move away from mother thru motor skills, *separation anxiety
- Rapprochement- 16 to 24 months, increased need to share new skills w/mother
- Object constancy- 2 to 3 yrs, can maintain image of mother when not together
Strengths assoc w/Erikson’s model
Trust vs. Mistrust ----Hope Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt----Will Initiative vs. Guilt------Purpose Industry vs. Inferiority------Competence Identity vs. Role Confusion----Fidelity Intimacy vs. Isolation------Love Generativity vs. Stagnation-----Care Integrity vs. Despair------Wisdom
2 Attachment Researchers w/Primates
Lorenz
Harlow
2 Attachment Researchers w/Human Infants
Bolby
Ainsworth
Konrad Lorenz’s Research
Primate attachment is instinctual; studied critical periods of attachment-imprinting; found that goslings who imprinted on him within 12 to 17 hours after birth still followed him when other geese available
Harry Harlow’s Research
Infant monkeys preferred terry cloth surrogate mothers over wire surrogates, even if fed by wire mother; highlighted contact comfort (imp of pleasurable tactile sensations as contributor to attachment)
Monkeys placed in isolation during first few months of life exhibited _____ and ____ bxs
autistic social & sexual bxs
John Bowlby’s Theory
Attachment- newborns bio equipped with bxs that elicit instinctive nurturing resp from caretaker
3 Stages of maternal deprivation acc to Bowlby
Protest
Despair
Detachment
*occurs under 2 yrs old after 3+ months of separation
Anaclytic depression
Rene Spitz coined term for weepiness, withdrawal, insomnia, decline in health in babies betw 6 to 8 months old when deprived of maternal attention
Ainsworth Attachment Styles (3) + Main & Solomon 4th style
By 1 year of age, attachment style evident
- Secure Attachment-65%
- Avoidant attachment-20% aloof/distant or overstimulating parenting
- Ambivalent- 10%inconsistent & insensitive parenting
- Disorganized-Disoriented-no clear strategy in dealing w/mother; charac by fear & confusion toward mother; assoc w/abusive parenting
Theorist assoc w/parenting styles
Baumrind
3 major patterns in parenting acc to Baumrind
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Authoritative
Authoritarian parents…
demanding, lack warmth, controlling, punishing; leads to moody, withdrawn, aggressive children
Permissive parents…
Either indifferent (little monitoring, generally detached) or indulgent (loving yet few limits or demands); leads to impulsive children, non compliant
Authoritative parents…
emotionally avail, warm, fair, firm, structure. leads to confident, competent children
Cross cultural research of parenting style indicates that ____ versus ____ is the key variable that affects outcomes for children
warmth; rejection
Stages of Gender Role Development
- Gender Roles- dev thruout life
- Gender Identity- objective self (recog self in mirror) by 18 mos, begins id consolidation; achieved by age 3
- Gender Constancy-realization that gender does not change, attained by 5 or 6
4 major theories of gender role development
Social Learning
Cog Developmental
Gender Schema*most accepted- combines social learning & cognition
Psychoanalytic-Oedipus complex, biology is destiny
4 stages of social play
- Solitary
- Parallel
- Associative
- Cooperative
4 Levels of Cognitive Play
- Repetitive play-rolling ball
- Constructive play- building w/blocks
- Imaginative play
- Formal games with rules
For adolescents, ____ was most important factor accounting for delinquent bx
relationship w/parents
Patterson’s Coercion Model of Aggression
3 steps lead to delinquency:
- Cycle of child modeling parent aggressive bx, & parents respond w/increasing aggressive punishment
- Conduct probs lead to academic failure & peer rejection
- Child becomes depressed, more likely to join deviant peer group
true or false: Bullies typically suffer from insecurity & low self esteem
False
2 conditions that make a child most vulnerable to bullying
Crying or submissiveness
Peer rejection
Rosenthal effect
Teachers’ expectations have impact on students’ academic performance. High expectations lead to better performance
Adolescent Identity Formulation: James Marcia
4 possible states:
Identity Achievement-resolved crisis, made a commitment
Foreclosure- absence of crisis (commit to goal w/o exploring options), made a commitment
Moratorium- in the midst of crisis, not yet resolved but most likely will be
Identity Diffusion- lacking direction, unmotivated; no crisis or commitment
4 Stages of Grieving
- Numbness
- Yearning- distress, guilt, anger
- Disorganization & despair- apathy, loss of meaning
- Resolution/reorganization- gradual acceptance of loss, building new identity
Elizabeth Kubler Ross: 5 stages of confronting one’s own death
*DABDA
- Denial or disbelief
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
Thomas & Chess 3 Categories of Temperament
- Easy
- Difficult
- Slow to Warm up
* Importance of goodness of fit between parenting style & temperament
Social referencing
By 1 year of age infants use cues from caretaker/trusted others to deal w/affective uncertainty
Underextension vs. Overextension
Early speech (around 18 mos of age) characterized by both
Under-use a word too narrowly
Over-use a word too broadlyt
In adopted youth, IQ is always more strongly correlated with ___ parents
biological
Features of Speech
Semantics-meaning
Syntax-grammatical order
Phonemic-smallest units of sound
Acoustic-pitch tone volume
Successful aging is most correlated with
level of activity
Impact of Pos & Neg life events on satisfaction & well being
Have short term impact (approx. 3 mos) but don’t impact long term satisfaction
