Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EPPP > Biological Bases of Bx: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Biological Bases of Bx: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the prefrontal lobe

A

Executive functions, including organizational ability, decision making, problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prefrontal association cortex

A

Control & regulation of cognition and planning. Damage associated with decreased initiative, deficient self awareness, & concrete thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Nerve fibers connecting 2 hemispheres of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Frontal Lobe contains

A

Prefrontal cortex, brocas area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Iconic memory

A

memory of visual stimuli; temporary visual impression after the stimulus is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Apperceptive agnosia

A

Inability to recognize familiar objects by sight, especially in low light, but may still identify object by touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 Main Divisions of the Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain & Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves that go to & from CNS (cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral ganglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 Main Subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
Hint: Nerves connected to all bodily functions, both voluntary & automatic

A

Somatic Nervous System (voluntary movement)

Autonomic Nervous System (automatic bodily fxs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Sends & receives sensory msgs controlling voluntary motor movement of the skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

Hint: Body automatically resp to stress and then calms down

A

Sympathetic Nervous System (body’s mobilizing system)

Parasympathetic Nervous System (body’s energy conserving system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): what does it control & primary function

A

Controls automatic bodily functions of the muscles & glands, like heart rate, breathing, digestion, etc
Function: maintain homeostasis within body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

Hint: Sympathetic to stress, so body mobilizes to respond

A

Body’s mobilizing/fight or flight system, takes over in times of stress
Releases hormones to inc resp, HR, BP; decr digestion & elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

Hint: Biofeedback helps to access PNS; stress response is PARAlyzed

A

Body’s energy conserving system, dominant during relaxation

Slows HR, resp, BP, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2 Main Divisions of the Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

____ neurons, also known as ____ neurons, carry info into the CNS, while ___ neurons, also known as ____ neurons, carry info away from CNS to the muscles & glands

A

Sensory; Afferent (Hint: senses AFFect the brain)

Motor; Efferent (Hint: info has to motor to muscles in order to EFFect movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

4 Regions of the Spinal Cord from top to bottom

A
  1. Cervical (C1-C7)
  2. Thoracic (T1-T12)
  3. Lumbar (L1-L5)
  4. Sacral (S1)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does spinal cord damage impact body functioning?

A

Muscles served by section of the spinal cord below the damage do not function normally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

____ results from severing of spinal cord between __ and __ , leading to paralysis in all 4 limbs

A

Quadriplegia; C1 and C5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_____, or paralysis of the legs, & partial paralysis in the arms results from severing of spinal cord between __ or __

A

Paraplegia, C6 or C7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

___ results for severing the spinal cord from T1 on down

A

Paraplegia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Paresis

A

Muscle weakness resulting from incomplete severing of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or False: A man with paralysis may still be able to achieve an erection

A

True,as reflexes (like arousal & ejaculation) can remain intact with spinal cord damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 Major Divisions of the Brain

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2 Layers of the Cerebrum

Hint: Like an orange

A

Cerebral Cortex

Subcortical Areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fx of Cerebrum

A

Complex thought, perception, action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is the cerebral cortex divided?

A

Left & Right Hemisphere

Each Hemisphere divided by 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How are the left & right hemispheres of the brain connected?

A

Band of nerve fibers, called corpus callosum

*Left hem controls right side of body, right hem controls left side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Central sulcus

A

The groove, or sulci, that separates the frontal & parietal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

The groove, or sulci, that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal & parietal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does Left Hemisphere control

Hint: 2 Ls; EPPP success anchored here

A

LANGUAGE: reading, writing, speaking, naming, motor control
LOGIC: rational, analytical, logical, abstract thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Impact of damage to the left hemisphere

A

Speech disorders (aphasia), other lang probs (agraphia, anomia), motor disorder (apraxia), difficulties w/right side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does Right Hemisphere control?

A 
Perception
Visual spatial reasoning (even body image)
Creativity (art, music)
Intuition
Emotion (comprehension & expression)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Aphasia

A

Inability to understand or produce language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize objects or perceive stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Agraphia

A

Inability to write

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Alexia

A

Problems w/reading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Anomia

A

Inability to name objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Acalculia

A

problems doing math/calculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Proprioception

A

Ability to locate one’s body parts in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Impact of damage to the right hemisphere?

A

Visual perceptual disturbances
Prosopagnosia
Agnosia for musical sounds
Affective abnormalities (indiff, euphoria, hysteria, depr, mania, disinhibition, impulsivity, sexual bx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize familiar faces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

approx. how much of the pop is left hem dominant?

A

97%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

3 Divisions of the Frontal Lobes

A
  1. Prefrontal Cortex
  2. Premotor Area
  3. Motor Area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Fxs of the Prefrontal Cortex

Hint: Makes us who we are, separates humans from other animals

A

Personality, Emotionality, Inhibition, Planning, Abstract thinking, Judgment, Executive cognitive skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Function of Premotor Area

A

Planning Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Fx of Motor Area

A

Instigate voluntary muscle movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Impact of Damage to Frontal Lobes

A

Loss of mvmt/paralysis, changes in personality/temperament, emotional lability, perseveration, inattention, poor problem solving, Broca’s aphasia
Usually result of TBI, stroke, Tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Inability to express language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Fx of Parietal Lobes

A

Primary sensory areas (pain, heat, proprioception)

Enable integration sensations of touch to create 3 dimensional experience of objects (shape, size, wt, texture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Key Role of Right Parietal Lobe

A

Directing Attention

Visual & spatial skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Key Role of Left Parietal Lobe

A

Overlearned motor routines

Linguistic skills- reading, writing, naming objects

52
Q

Impact of damage to the parietal lobes

A

Anomia, agraphia, alexia, acalculia, difficulty drawing objects, difficulty distinguishing rt from lt, lack of awareness of body parts, probs w/hand eye coordination
Most often caused by stroke

53
Q

4 Primary Sxs of Gerstmann’s Syndrome

A 
Lesions of the Left Parietal Lobe
Agraphia
Acalculia
Rt-Lft Disorientation
Finger Agnosia (unable to recognize own fingers as part of body)
54
Q

Temporal lobes contain the ___ _____ ____

*Hint: temporal lobes located around the temples, area of the EARS

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

55
Q

Temporal lobes are also connected to the ___ ____, so they are involved in ___ and ____

  • Hint: This system contains amygdala & hippocampus
  • Hint: Temporal lobes implicated in temper
A

Limbic System

56
Q

Fxs of the Temporal Lobe

A

Hearing
Emotions & Memory (due to connection to Limbic system)
Verbal Memory & Language comprehension (Left Temporal- Wernicke’s area)

57
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Located in left temporal lobe, involved in verbal memory and language comprehension

58
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Located in Left Frontal Lobe- controls muscles that produce speech

59
Q

Key Role of Left Temporal Lobe

*Hint: Left is for Language

A

Verbal Memory & Language Comprehension

60
Q

Key Role of Right Temporal Lobe

A

Visual Memory

61
Q

Impact of Damage to the Temporal Lobes

A

Aggressive bx, change in sexual bx, interference w/memory, prosopagnosia, problems understanding speech (Wernicke’s aphasia)
Most often caused by TBI, stroke, encephalitis

62
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Problems understanding speech

63
Q

Occipital Lobes contain the ___ ___ cortex, which are involved in ___, ___, and _____
*Hint: OCcipital involved in OCular functioning

A

Primary Visual

Sight, Reading & Visual Images

64
Q

Fx of the Occipital Lobes

A

Sight
Reading
Visual Images

65
Q

Impact of Damage to the Occipital Lobes

A

Uncommon, usually result of tumor or stroke
Difficulty recognizing drawn objects/recognizing colors
Hallucinations or illusions
Word blindness (can’t recognize)
Problems w/reading or writing

66
Q

3 Main Subcortical Brain Areas

A

Corpus Callosum
Limbic System
Basal Ganglia

67
Q

Fx of Corpus Callosum

A

Right Hem controls Left side of body (body & sensation)
Left Hem controls Right side of body
Corp call serves as bridge between the 2 hemispheres

68
Q

Split Brain Patients

A

Corpus callosum severed to reduce epileptic seizures

Opposite side of brain still controls sensory input from opp side of body, but now no communication between hemispheres

69
Q

Classic “heart” study w/split brain patients

A

Word HEART flashed such that “HE” is seen in Left Visual Field (so processed by Right side of the brain) and “ART” seen by Right Visual Field (so processed by Left side of the brain). Patients unable to verbalize the whole word due to no language in right hem, they were only able to verbalize “ART” because it was processed by lang center of the brain in the left hemisphere

70
Q

Key Roles of Limbic System

*Hint: What do you need to survive?

A 
Primitive brain, SURVIVAL
Influences autonomic nervous system & endocrine system
Emotions 
Basic Drives (sex, hunger)
Learning
Olfaction
Memory
71
Q

5 Key Limbic System Structures

A 
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Septum
72
Q

Fx of Thalamus

A

Sensory relay center, input from all senses, except smell, projects info to appropriate cortical areas
Critical to perception of pain
Abnormalities linked to schiz due to misperception of sensory input

73
Q

5 Fs of the Hypothalamus

A 
Fever
Feeding
Fighting
Falling asleep
Fucking
74
Q

Fx of the Hypothalamus

A

Connection to endocrine system & autonomic nervous system

Major role is homeostasis, incl temp, hunger, thirst, sex, hormone secretion, aggression, sleep-wake cycle

75
Q

The ____ contains a group of cells, the ___ ___, which are considered the body’s circadian clock b/c regulates sleep wake cycle

A

Hypothalamus; Suprachiasmic Nucleus (SCN)

76
Q

Influence of hypothalamus on pituitary gland

A

Hypothal secretes hormones (thryotropin releasing hormone & corticotropin releasing hormone) that stimulates pituitary gland to secrete its own hormones (growth hormone, thyroid stimulating, adrenocorticotropic), which then activate other glands (thyroid, pancreas)

77
Q

Fx of Hippocampus

*Hint: If you saw a HIPPO on CAMPUS, you would REMEMBER him

A

Consolidation of conscious memories, stores new information and events as lasting memories
Short term memory –> long term memory

78
Q

fx of Amygdala

Hint: A is for Aggression

A

Attaches emotions to sensory input, strong connection to fear/startle, aggression, emotional memory
Determines level of threat
Involved in memory of fear (PTSD)

79
Q

The ____ has been linked to PTSD due to involvement in memory of fear

A

Amygdala

80
Q

Kluver Bucy Syndrome

A

Complete removal of the amygdala results in placidity, apathy, hyerphagia, hypersexuality, agnosias

81
Q

Fx of Septum

*Septum allows you to Simmer down

A

Moderates or decreases aggression; damage leads to Septal Rage Syndrome

82
Q

Fx of Basal Ganglia

Hint: He is Gangly in his Movement, which he tries to INHIBIT

A

Regulate movement & establish posture
Sends info to the premotor & primary motor cortex
INHIBIT movement so we can be still and maintain posture

83
Q

5 Nuclei of the Basal Ganglia

A 
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Substantia Nigra
Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
84
Q

2 Main Problems assoc with dysfunction of Basal Ganglia

A

Extraneous unwanted muscle movements (Huntingtons)

Difficulty w/intended movement (Parkinsons)

85
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Result of degeneration of Caudate Nucleus & Putamen

produces thrusting movements of face & limbs

86
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Result of slow & steady loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowed mvmt)

87
Q

2 psychiatric disorders where Basal Ganglia are implicated

A

Tourette Syndrome

OCD

88
Q

Cerebellum: Location & Function

*Hint: BELLUM is for Balance

A

2nd largest struc in the brain, base of brain, behind brain stem
Responsible for smooth movement & coordinating motor activity
Maintain BALANCE & Equilibrium

89
Q

Ataxia

A

Sx of cerebellar disease, lack of coordination of voluntary mvmts in the absence of weakness or sensory loss

90
Q

Symptoms of Cerebellar Damage

A

incorrect timing of muscle activation, disequilibrium, vertigo, inability to grab objects, probs coordinating fine movements

91
Q

Fx of the Brain Stem

A

Most primitive part of the brain, extension of the spinal cord
12 cranial nerves begin in brain stem

92
Q

3 Major Brain Stem Areas

A

Pons
Medulla
Reticular Formulation

93
Q

Pons & Medulla

A

Pons- Upper portion of brain stem
Medulla- Bottom of brain stem
Involved in sleep, respiration, movement, & cardio activity

94
Q

Damage to the medulla or pons can lead to failure of bodily fxs and ___

A

death

95
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Interconnected nuclei in the brain stem

Awareness, attention, sleep

96
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

Projects from brain stem to thalamus, involved in sleep wake cycle
Filter for incoming sensory info
Mediates alertness

97
Q

What are neurons?

A

Cells of the brain & spinal cord, communicate w/one another and to muscles, glands, organs by releasing tiny amounts of neurotransmitters

98
Q

3 parts of Neurons

A

Dendrites
Cell Body/Soma
Axon

99
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive info by capturing neurotrans released into the synaptic cleft
Neuron may have thousands of dendrites

100
Q

Soma/Cell body

A

Integrates info from dendrites

Contains nucleus, which regulates all cell activity & controls hereditary charac (DNA)

101
Q

Axon

A

Tube extending from soma that transmits info

102
Q

Neurons communicate to one another through ___ ___, which is an electrochemical impulse

A

Action Potential

103
Q

What happens to chemicals inside/outside of neuron during action potential?

A

At Rest: Excess of sodium outside cell body, Excess Potassium inside
During Action potential: Potassium rushes out, Sodium rushes into cell and through axons, triggering release of neurotrans by the terminal buttons
Those neurotrans cross synaptic cleft to bind to receptor sites of next neurons & reuptake occurs

104
Q

All or None Principle of Neuronal Firing

A

A neuron will either by sufficiently stimulated to fire to its fullest extent, or it won’t fire at all

105
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

Period of time after firing that a neuron absolutely cannot fire, followed by a relative refractory period where only very intense stimulation triggers firing
Provides time for neuron to return to resting state with excess potassium inside and sodium outside

106
Q

2 categories of Neurotransmitters

A

Classical & Peptide

107
Q

Agonist

A

Any Substance that enhances the effect of a neurotransmitter

108
Q

Antagonist

A

any substance that inhibits the neurotrans effect

109
Q

2 classifications of Neurotransmitters (Impact on Action Potential)

A

Excitatory- increase likelihood of action potential

Inhibitory- decrease likelihood of action potential

110
Q

Classical Neurotransmitters

Hint: Classical CASA

A

Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine)
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Amino Acids

111
Q

Fx of Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

Most common neurotransmitter
Voluntary Movement
Memory & Cognition

112
Q

The neurotransmitter ____ is prevalent in the hippocampus, which explains its involvement in Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Acetylcholine

113
Q

2 Principle Catecholamines

Hint: CATs, NOt DOgs

A

Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Synthesized from dietary tyrosine & phenylanine

114
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

A

Proposes that schiz is result of excess dopamine, thus antipsychotics have been dopamine antagonists
However, newer antipsychotics do not primarily work on dopamine so hypothesis has been questioned

115
Q

Role of dopamine in Parkinson’s Disease

A

Degeneration of neurons in substantia nigra results in decrease in available dopamine to basal ganglia. So L-Dopa or levodopa (a precursor to dop) treats parkinsons

116
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Significantly involved in mood

Also implicated in pain, sleep

117
Q

Catecholamine Hypothesis of Affective Disorders

Hint: Cat lady gets more cats to feel better

A

Too little catecholamines, esp Norepinephrine- low mood

Too much- Mania

118
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Significantly involved in mood disorders
Produced by dietary mod of tryptophan
Aggression, sex, sleep onset, pain percep, possibly schiz

119
Q

Permissive Hypothesis of Serotonin Functioning

A

proposes 2 steps in the development of mood disorders

  1. Deficiency in serotonin
  2. Levels of norepinephrine determine whether mania (too much) or depression (too little)
120
Q

3 Main Amino Acids

A

GABA
Glycine
Glutamate

121
Q

Major Inhibitory Neurotransmitters of the CNS

Hint: 2 Amino Acids makes things AMicable & calm

A

GABA

Glycine

122
Q

Insufficient levels of GABA have been linked to ___ and ___

A

Anxiety; Epilepsy

123
Q

Benzodiazapines are ___ ___, where they increase levels of __ to reduce overarousal
*Remember AMino acids make things amicable and calm

A

GABA agonists; GABA

124
Q

Glutamate

A

Mediator of fast, excitatory synaptic transmission

125
Q

Peptide Neurotransmitters are long chains of ___ ___, and there are dozens of them.

A

amino acids

126
Q

2 Endogenous opioids

A

Peptide neurotrans,
Enkephalins
Endorphins
Help to regulate stress & pain

127
Q

Substance P

*Hint: P regulate Pain

A

A peptide neurotransmitter involved in pain regulation

EPPP (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions