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EPPP > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

3 Stages of Memory

A

Sensory
Short Term
Long Term

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2
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Involves transforming sensory input into data that can be understood & stored as a visual or auditory image (must transfer to short term memory to do so)

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3
Q

Iconic Memory lasts ___

A

1/2 second

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4
Q

Echoic Memory lasts ____

A

up to 4 seconds

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5
Q

Selective Attention

A

Only sensory input that is attended to can pass into short term memory, can be deliberate or automatic

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6
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Processes ongoing info to store memories for short duration (up to 30 sec)

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7
Q

2 components of Short Term Memory

A

Primary Memory

Working Memory

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8
Q

Primary Memory

A

Passive “holding tank” for info requiring no manipulation

i.e. digits in sequence

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9
Q

Working Memory

A

Holds & manipulates info

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10
Q

How is short term memory enhanced or transferred to long term memory?

A

Rehearsal, or deliberate repetition

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11
Q

Capacity of Short Term Memory

A

Seven items, plus or minus 2

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12
Q

Chunking

A

Involves transforming separate items into meaningful units that are more easily recalled

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13
Q

Dual Coding System for STM

A

Verbal & Visual Channels

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14
Q

Some theorists divide Long Term Memory into _____ and ____

A 
Recent Memory (2 wks)
Remote (2 yrs or more)
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15
Q

Some research supports importance of ___ ___ for long term memory

A

REM sleep, where LTM is reviewed, improved, systematically catalogued

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16
Q

Concepts assoc w/LTM

A 
Retrieval
Priming
Zeigarnik Effect
Redintigration
Landmark Events
Flashbult Memories
Prospective Memory
Effects of Hypnosis
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17
Q

Retrieval

A

Accessing info from LTM into STM for analysis & awareness
Often a cue stimulates the retrieval process
Recognition easier than recall b/c recog acts like a table of contents

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18
Q

Priming

A

Exposure to a stimulus, which makes it easier for person to recog the stim at a later time

19
Q

Zeigarnik Effect

A

When you come to an impasse with a task involving recall, brain continues to work unconsciously until the solution is obtained.

20
Q

Redintigration

A

When something rapidly unlocks a chain of memories, like a smell from childhood

21
Q

Landmark Events

A

Helps w/retrieval by anchoring to important events in life. We can use those events to locate other events occurring around the same time
ex: using wedding to remember when we got hank

22
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Vivid memories of events, typically traumatic. can remember what happened before & after in addition to the event itself

23
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Remembering that you planned to do something at a particular time

24
Q

Effects of Hypnosis

A

Tends to elicit more false memories than real ones, more likely to use imagination to fill in gaps in memories, then feel very confident of accuracy; also vulnerable to leading questions by the hypnotizer

25
Q

Accuracy of LTM

A

Process of transfer to LTM & retrieval often distorts original info
Likely b/c LTM relies on semantic meaning, which is subjective
Also make inferences about info and these (which may not be accurate) and these are stored in LTM

26
Q

Sleeper Effect

A

Source of Info forgotten over time, while message itself is retained

27
Q

Areas where accuracy of LTM significantly questioned

A

Eyewitness reports

Repressed memories

28
Q

Popular classification schema for memory

A

Declarative/explicit

Procedural/implicit

29
Q

Declarative Memory (Explicit)

A

Conscious recollection of info or experiences

30
Q

Divisions of Declarative Memory

A

Semantic-meaning of words, facts, abstract info or images

Episodic-autobiographical events, retrieval requires reconstructing the event in your mind

31
Q

Procedural Memory (Implicit)

A

Recollection of skills, physical operations, procedures that are automatic & without conscious awareness

32
Q

William Scoville

A

Discovered critical role of hippocampus in long term memory through removal of pt’s temporal lobes to treat seizures, resulting in anterograde amnesia

33
Q

Brain areas involved in memory

A 
Frontal Lobes (esp STM)
Temporal cortex
Hippocampus
Thalamus
Mamillary bodies
Basal Forebrain
34
Q

Neurotransmitter implicated in memory

*Need this to ACE the test

A

Acetylcholine (probs w/prod of ACh in Alzheimers

35
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Repeated stim of a synapse thru rehearsal leaves to chem & structural changes to the receiving neuron, increases sensitivity of neuron to stimulation

36
Q

kinases

A

Enzymes involved in LTP (long term potentiation), changes dendrites

37
Q

Research on forgetting

A

Ebbinghaus

Discovered forget most fully memorized nonsense info within first hour (only applies to info that is meaningless to us)

38
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Immediate recall- Remember words at beginning & end of list better than those in middle
Delayed recall- remember words at beginning best

39
Q

Types of Amnesia

A

Anterograde-impaired ability to create new memories
Retrograde-Loss of memories before injury or disease
Posttraumatic-loss of memory for short time after a trauma
Paramnesia-Distortion of memory, confabulation

40
Q

Factors involved in forgetting

A

Retrieval Failure
Interference (Retroactive or Proactive)-other learned material interferes
Decay-difficult to separate from interference
Mood Congruent Memory
State Dependent Memory
Motivated Forgetting-proposed by Freud-unconscious blocking of painful memory

41
Q

Strategies to Enhance Memory

A 
Chunking
Imagery & Association
Recreation of context
Study strategies (distributed practice, rehearsal at reg spaced intervals)
Mnemonics
42
Q

types of Mnemonics

A

Method of Loci-placing items to be remembered in different spots in an imaginary room
Peg Word system-Memorize set of 10 visual images that are pegs on which to hang ideas
Word Associations
Substitute Word Technique

43
Q

Amnesia vs Inhibition

A

Amnesia-inability to recall

Inhibition- interference w/learning

44
Q

Interference theory of memory

A

proposes that we remember best when we minimize interference immediately after we learn something
For example- go to sleep directly after studying

EPPP (18 decks)

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