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Social Psych Flashcards

0
Q

Who conducted the first social psychology study? what was it on?

A

Norman Triplett did the first study - looking at social facilitation, spec. riding a bike by yourself vs riding with others, you’ll do better with others

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1
Q

What is social psychology?

A

the study of how people relate to and influence each other

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2
Q

What did Norman Triplett study?

A

early questions in social psychology

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3
Q

What did Kurt Lewin contribute to social psychology?

A
  • founder of the field
  • gestalt theories applied to social behavior
  • conceived field theory of individual beh
  • coined the terms life space, valence, vector, and barrier as aspects of the life space
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4
Q

What is Lewin’s life space?

A

the collection of forces influencing an individual

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5
Q

What are the three main forces in Lewin’s life space?

A

valence, vector, and barrier

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6
Q

What were the two theories founded by Fritz Heider?

A
  • Attribution theory

- Balance theory

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7
Q

What does attribution theory study?

A

how people infer the causes of other people’s behavior -the emotions, intentions, and agency of other’s actions

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8
Q

What does balance theory study?

A

how people try to make their feelings/actions consistent to maintain psychological homeostasis

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9
Q

Who postulated attribution theory and balance theory?

A

Fritz Heider

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10
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

Actions of other’s are always a result of their choices and intentions, esp negative actions. Our own actions can be influenced by circumstances-bad things are less our fault

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11
Q

What does the phrase action-observer attributional divergence mean?

A

the observer of an action and the person performing the action have different perspectives on the behavior

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12
Q

What is an illusory correlation?

A

assuming two unrelated things have a relationship

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13
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

believing after the fact that you knew some piece of information all along, even though you didn’t

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14
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

believing that if someone has one good quality the she has only good qualities

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15
Q

What is the false consensus bias?

A

believing most other people think the same as you do

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16
Q

What experiment did Lee Ross conduct?

A

many experiments on belief perseverance

  • tell subjects a statement, later tell them it was a false statement
  • subjects who had devised their own logic for the statement continued to believe it was true
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17
Q

What did Richard Nisbett’s research focus on?

A

how people lack awareness about the reasons for their actions

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18
Q

What is the base rate fallacy?

A

Assuming things we are familiar with in our own lives are much more common than they are in reality

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19
Q

Who theorized the just-world bias?

A

MJ Lerner

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20
Q

What is the just-world fallacy?

A

that good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people. leads to victim-blaming

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21
Q

What was the focus of Ellen Langer’s research?

A

the illusion of control

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22
Q

What is the illusion of control?

A

that you have control or influence over things you do not. this illusion is the driving force behind the idea of ‘playing’ the lottery, superstition, etc.

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23
Q

What is a representativeness heuristic?

A

a mental shortcut based on assumptions about ‘typical/representative’ features rather than actual logic

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24
What theory did Leon Festinger propose?
the cognitive dissonance theory
25
Who proposed the cognitive dissonance theory?
Leon Festinger
26
What is the basic tenet of the cognitive dissonance theory?
it is uncomfortable for people to have beliefs that do not match their actions. so after difficult decisions/actions, people feel the need to justify it with their beliefs
27
What theory did Daryl Bem propose?
the self-perception theory
28
Who proposed the self-perception theory?
Daryl Bem
29
What is the basic tenet of the self-perception theory?
when people are unsure of their beliefs/desires, they infer from their actions what those beliefs must be
30
What is the over-justification effect?
people lose the pleasure of doing something they used to enjoy once they are paid to do it (often creative things like art/singing/dance)
31
What is the gain-loss theory?
people act to achieve gains and avoid losses. so much so that a neg-pos change in situation is experienced as better than an always positive situation
32
What is social exchange theory?
humans interact in ways to maximize reward and minimize costs
33
what is impression management?
trying to 'manage' the impression given to others by your behavior, usually to leave a positive impression
34
what is social facilitation?
the tendency for the presence of other people to enhance OR HINDER performance
35
What did Robert Zajonc discover to be a basic trend in social facilitation?
that it helps performance on easy tasks but hinders on complex tasks
36
What is the social psychology meaning of 'role'?
the set of behavior norms that seem suitable for a particular person
37
Who famously used the prisoner's dilemma and trucking company games in experiments?
Morton Deutsch (also the games are exactly the same, just with different 'themes')
38
What are the three key tenets of Equity theory?
- people like situations where benefits and punishments are fair, and logical - over-benefited people feel guilty - random or illogical punishments make people very anxious
39
What theory did Stanley Milgram propose?
the Stimulus-Overload theory
40
What phenomenon does the stimulus-overload theory explain?
why urbanites are less prosocial than rural people
41
What is reciprocal interaction?
the exchange of influences between people
42
What are two ways of achieving conformity?
- compliance (privately disagree) | - acceptance (change beliefs to match majority)
43
What is reactance?
the refusal to conform as a result of a blatant attempt at control
44
What action reduces the likelihood someone will conform?
fore-warning them they may be pressured to do so
45
What famous experiment did Solomon Asch conduct?
subjects listen to confederates say two unequal lines are equal, then are asked if they are equal or not
46
In the Asch line length experiment, what was the biggest influencer of subjects conformity?
whether the confederates were unanimous-even one other dissenter had a big effect
47
What experiment on social influence did Muzafer Sherif conduct?
he looked at the effect of social influence on self-reports of the autokinetic visual illusion
48
What features of a speaker make them more likely to be influential on the beliefs of a listener?
- expertise/trustworthiness - similar to the listener - acceptable to the listener - overheard, not preaching - part of a two person debate
49
What features of an argument make a listener more likely to alter their beliefs?
the supporting evidence is anecdotal, emotional, and/or shocking
50
What theory of persuasion did RE Petty and JT Cacioppo propose?
the elaboration likelihood theory
51
Who proposed the Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?
R. E. Petty and J. T. Cacioppo
52
What is the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?
people who are very involved in a particular issue will be more likely to be influenced by the strength of the arguments, rather than superficial features of the arguers
53
What is the sleeper effect of persuasion?
information from low credibility sources may slowly become more 'acceptable' over time, esp. as people forget the source of the persuasion
54
Who proposed the inoculation theory of belief perseverence?
William J McGuire
55
What is the main tenet of the inoculation theory of belief perseverence?
- people's beliefs are vulnerable if they have never been challenged - once a challenge has been 'put down', the beliefs are now reinforced against future doubt
56
What is deindividuation?
when individual identity and accountability is de-emphasized
57
What did the Kitty Genovese case demonstrate?
the bystander effect
58
What is diffusion of responsibility?
the diffusion of responsibility over people in a group. The more people, the less each individual feels responsible
59
What is social loafing?
the tendency to work less hard in a group due to diffusion of responsibility
60
What famous experiment on group prejudice did Muzafer Sherif conduct?
The Robber's cave experiment
61
What did the Robber's cave experiment show about the cause of conflict between groups?
Conflict arises when there is competition for scarce resources - eg, a zero-sum situation where one group gets the prize and other groups get nothing
62
What did the Robber's cave experiment show about overcoming intergroup conflict?
Contact between groups is not enough to overcome prejudice | The most effective way is for both groups to *cooperate* to attain a *superordinate goal*
63
What did James Stoner study?
Group polarization
64
What is group polarization?
The effect that conflict within a group pushes each side to further extremes, and also strengthens the dominant POV of the group
65
How does group polarization relate to the risky shift?
The risky shift phenomenon is a subtype of group polarization. The group becomes more polarized towards the risky behavior, which an individual would not do on their own
66
What did Irving Janice study?
Groupthink
67
What famous social psych studies did Kenneth and Mamie Clark conduct?
the doll preference studies
68
Who conducted the doll preference studies?
Mamie and Kenneth Clark
69
What psychological study factored into the case Brown v. Board of Education?
the doll preference studies
70
What is reciprocity of disclosure?
sharing of secrets and feelings | it facilitates emotional closeness
71
What is propinquity?
the closeness, physical or psychological, of two people
72
What is the mere-exposure effect?
the more we see or experience something, the more positively we rate it
73
What did Richard Lazarus study?
stress and coping | he differentiated problem-focused and emotion-focused coping
74
What facilitates objective self-awareness?
- self-perception - high self-monitoring - internality - self-efficacy (belief in own ability to complete goals)
75
What did J. Rodin and E. Langer research?
how nursing home residents who care for their own plants have better health and lower mortality rates
76
What is the bogus pipeline?
a fake lie detector - it is used to try and elicit more truthful self-reports from participants
77
What is the Peter Principle?
people are promoted at work until they reach a position they are incompetent at
78
What did Stuart Valins study?
the effect of place/environment form on behavior
79
Who proposed the Frustration-Aggression hypothesis?
Leonard Berkowitz
80
What theory or hypothesis did Leonard Berkowitz propose?
The Frustration-Aggression hypothesis
81
What is the Frustration-Aggression hypothesis?
that frustration in achieving a goal (no matter how small) encourages/leads to displays of aggression
82
What in social psychology did M. Rokeach study?
Racial bias | Belief similarity bias
83
What in social psychology did M. Fischbein and I. Azjen study?
how attitudes predict behavior - general attitudes cannot predict spec. beh. - specific attitudes predict spec. beh.
84
What is an attitude?
a positive/negative/neutral evaluation of a person/issue/object
85
What in social psychology did Elaine Hatfield study?
different kinds of love
86
What are the two types of love as proposed by Elaine Hatfield?
Passionate Love | Companion love
87
How many basic emotions did Paul Ekman propose humans posess?
6
88
What are the basic human emotions, proposed by Paul Ekman?
- happiness - sadness - fear - anger - surprise - disgust
89
How do researchers code facial expressions?
Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
90
What is reciprocal socialization?
when two parties adapt to slash are socialized by each other | ex parents and children

GRE Psychology (homemade) (17 decks)

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