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GRE Psychology (homemade) > Social Psych > Flashcards

Social Psych Flashcards

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0
Q

Who conducted the first social psychology study? what was it on?

A

Norman Triplett did the first study - looking at social facilitation, spec. riding a bike by yourself vs riding with others, you’ll do better with others

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1
Q

What is social psychology?

A

the study of how people relate to and influence each other

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2
Q

What did Norman Triplett study?

A

early questions in social psychology

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3
Q

What did Kurt Lewin contribute to social psychology?

A
  • founder of the field
  • gestalt theories applied to social behavior
  • conceived field theory of individual beh
  • coined the terms life space, valence, vector, and barrier as aspects of the life space
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4
Q

What is Lewin’s life space?

A

the collection of forces influencing an individual

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5
Q

What are the three main forces in Lewin’s life space?

A

valence, vector, and barrier

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6
Q

What were the two theories founded by Fritz Heider?

A
  • Attribution theory

- Balance theory

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7
Q

What does attribution theory study?

A

how people infer the causes of other people’s behavior -the emotions, intentions, and agency of other’s actions

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8
Q

What does balance theory study?

A

how people try to make their feelings/actions consistent to maintain psychological homeostasis

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9
Q

Who postulated attribution theory and balance theory?

A

Fritz Heider

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10
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

Actions of other’s are always a result of their choices and intentions, esp negative actions. Our own actions can be influenced by circumstances-bad things are less our fault

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11
Q

What does the phrase action-observer attributional divergence mean?

A

the observer of an action and the person performing the action have different perspectives on the behavior

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12
Q

What is an illusory correlation?

A

assuming two unrelated things have a relationship

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13
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

believing after the fact that you knew some piece of information all along, even though you didn’t

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14
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

believing that if someone has one good quality the she has only good qualities

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15
Q

What is the false consensus bias?

A

believing most other people think the same as you do

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16
Q

What experiment did Lee Ross conduct?

A

many experiments on belief perseverance

  • tell subjects a statement, later tell them it was a false statement
  • subjects who had devised their own logic for the statement continued to believe it was true
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17
Q

What did Richard Nisbett’s research focus on?

A

how people lack awareness about the reasons for their actions

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18
Q

What is the base rate fallacy?

A

Assuming things we are familiar with in our own lives are much more common than they are in reality

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19
Q

Who theorized the just-world bias?

A

MJ Lerner

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20
Q

What is the just-world fallacy?

A

that good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people. leads to victim-blaming

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21
Q

What was the focus of Ellen Langer’s research?

A

the illusion of control

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22
Q

What is the illusion of control?

A

that you have control or influence over things you do not. this illusion is the driving force behind the idea of ‘playing’ the lottery, superstition, etc.

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23
Q

What is a representativeness heuristic?

A

a mental shortcut based on assumptions about ‘typical/representative’ features rather than actual logic

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24
Q

What theory did Leon Festinger propose?

A

the cognitive dissonance theory

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25
Q

Who proposed the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

Leon Festinger

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26
Q

What is the basic tenet of the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

it is uncomfortable for people to have beliefs that do not match their actions. so after difficult decisions/actions, people feel the need to justify it with their beliefs

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27
Q

What theory did Daryl Bem propose?

A

the self-perception theory

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28
Q

Who proposed the self-perception theory?

A

Daryl Bem

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29
Q

What is the basic tenet of the self-perception theory?

A

when people are unsure of their beliefs/desires, they infer from their actions what those beliefs must be

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30
Q

What is the over-justification effect?

A

people lose the pleasure of doing something they used to enjoy once they are paid to do it (often creative things like art/singing/dance)

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31
Q

What is the gain-loss theory?

A

people act to achieve gains and avoid losses. so much so that a neg-pos change in situation is experienced as better than an always positive situation

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32
Q

What is social exchange theory?

A

humans interact in ways to maximize reward and minimize costs

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33
Q

what is impression management?

A

trying to ‘manage’ the impression given to others by your behavior, usually to leave a positive impression

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34
Q

what is social facilitation?

A

the tendency for the presence of other people to enhance OR HINDER performance

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35
Q

What did Robert Zajonc discover to be a basic trend in social facilitation?

A

that it helps performance on easy tasks but hinders on complex tasks

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36
Q

What is the social psychology meaning of ‘role’?

A

the set of behavior norms that seem suitable for a particular person

37
Q

Who famously used the prisoner’s dilemma and trucking company games in experiments?

A

Morton Deutsch (also the games are exactly the same, just with different ‘themes’)

38
Q

What are the three key tenets of Equity theory?

A
  • people like situations where benefits and punishments are fair, and logical
  • over-benefited people feel guilty
  • random or illogical punishments make people very anxious
39
Q

What theory did Stanley Milgram propose?

A

the Stimulus-Overload theory

40
Q

What phenomenon does the stimulus-overload theory explain?

A

why urbanites are less prosocial than rural people

41
Q

What is reciprocal interaction?

A

the exchange of influences between people

42
Q

What are two ways of achieving conformity?

A
  • compliance (privately disagree)

- acceptance (change beliefs to match majority)

43
Q

What is reactance?

A

the refusal to conform as a result of a blatant attempt at control

44
Q

What action reduces the likelihood someone will conform?

A

fore-warning them they may be pressured to do so

45
Q

What famous experiment did Solomon Asch conduct?

A

subjects listen to confederates say two unequal lines are equal, then are asked if they are equal or not

46
Q

In the Asch line length experiment, what was the biggest influencer of subjects conformity?

A

whether the confederates were unanimous-even one other dissenter had a big effect

47
Q

What experiment on social influence did Muzafer Sherif conduct?

A

he looked at the effect of social influence on self-reports of the autokinetic visual illusion

48
Q

What features of a speaker make them more likely to be influential on the beliefs of a listener?

A
  • expertise/trustworthiness
  • similar to the listener
  • acceptable to the listener
  • overheard, not preaching
  • part of a two person debate
49
Q

What features of an argument make a listener more likely to alter their beliefs?

A

the supporting evidence is anecdotal, emotional, and/or shocking

50
Q

What theory of persuasion did RE Petty and JT Cacioppo propose?

A

the elaboration likelihood theory

51
Q

Who proposed the Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?

A

R. E. Petty and J. T. Cacioppo

52
Q

What is the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?

A

people who are very involved in a particular issue will be more likely to be influenced by the strength of the arguments, rather than superficial features of the arguers

53
Q

What is the sleeper effect of persuasion?

A

information from low credibility sources may slowly become more ‘acceptable’ over time, esp. as people forget the source of the persuasion

54
Q

Who proposed the inoculation theory of belief perseverence?

A

William J McGuire

55
Q

What is the main tenet of the inoculation theory of belief perseverence?

A
  • people’s beliefs are vulnerable if they have never been challenged
  • once a challenge has been ‘put down’, the beliefs are now reinforced against future doubt
56
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

when individual identity and accountability is de-emphasized

57
Q

What did the Kitty Genovese case demonstrate?

A

the bystander effect

58
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

the diffusion of responsibility over people in a group. The more people, the less each individual feels responsible

59
Q

What is social loafing?

A

the tendency to work less hard in a group due to diffusion of responsibility

60
Q

What famous experiment on group prejudice did Muzafer Sherif conduct?

A

The Robber’s cave experiment

61
Q

What did the Robber’s cave experiment show about the cause of conflict between groups?

A

Conflict arises when there is competition for scarce resources - eg, a zero-sum situation where one group gets the prize and other groups get nothing

62
Q

What did the Robber’s cave experiment show about overcoming intergroup conflict?

A

Contact between groups is not enough to overcome prejudice

The most effective way is for both groups to cooperate to attain a superordinate goal

63
Q

What did James Stoner study?

A

Group polarization

64
Q

What is group polarization?

A

The effect that conflict within a group pushes each side to further extremes, and also strengthens the dominant POV of the group

65
Q

How does group polarization relate to the risky shift?

A

The risky shift phenomenon is a subtype of group polarization. The group becomes more polarized towards the risky behavior, which an individual would not do on their own

66
Q

What did Irving Janice study?

A

Groupthink

67
Q

What famous social psych studies did Kenneth and Mamie Clark conduct?

A

the doll preference studies

68
Q

Who conducted the doll preference studies?

A

Mamie and Kenneth Clark

69
Q

What psychological study factored into the case Brown v. Board of Education?

A

the doll preference studies

70
Q

What is reciprocity of disclosure?

A

sharing of secrets and feelings

it facilitates emotional closeness

71
Q

What is propinquity?

A

the closeness, physical or psychological, of two people

72
Q

What is the mere-exposure effect?

A

the more we see or experience something, the more positively we rate it

73
Q

What did Richard Lazarus study?

A

stress and coping

he differentiated problem-focused and emotion-focused coping

74
Q

What facilitates objective self-awareness?

A
  • self-perception
  • high self-monitoring
  • internality
  • self-efficacy (belief in own ability to complete goals)
75
Q

What did J. Rodin and E. Langer research?

A

how nursing home residents who care for their own plants have better health and lower mortality rates

76
Q

What is the bogus pipeline?

A

a fake lie detector - it is used to try and elicit more truthful self-reports from participants

77
Q

What is the Peter Principle?

A

people are promoted at work until they reach a position they are incompetent at

78
Q

What did Stuart Valins study?

A

the effect of place/environment form on behavior

79
Q

Who proposed the Frustration-Aggression hypothesis?

A

Leonard Berkowitz

80
Q

What theory or hypothesis did Leonard Berkowitz propose?

A

The Frustration-Aggression hypothesis

81
Q

What is the Frustration-Aggression hypothesis?

A

that frustration in achieving a goal (no matter how small) encourages/leads to displays of aggression

82
Q

What in social psychology did M. Rokeach study?

A

Racial bias

Belief similarity bias

83
Q

What in social psychology did M. Fischbein and I. Azjen study?

A

how attitudes predict behavior

  • general attitudes cannot predict spec. beh.
  • specific attitudes predict spec. beh.
84
Q

What is an attitude?

A

a positive/negative/neutral evaluation of a person/issue/object

85
Q

What in social psychology did Elaine Hatfield study?

A

different kinds of love

86
Q

What are the two types of love as proposed by Elaine Hatfield?

A

Passionate Love

Companion love

87
Q

How many basic emotions did Paul Ekman propose humans posess?

A

6

88
Q

What are the basic human emotions, proposed by Paul Ekman?

A
  • happiness
  • sadness
  • fear
  • anger
  • surprise
  • disgust
89
Q

How do researchers code facial expressions?

A

Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

90
Q

What is reciprocal socialization?

A

when two parties adapt to slash are socialized by each other

ex parents and children

GRE Psychology (homemade) (17 decks)

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