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Clinical Psych Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the 8 main theories in clinical psychology?

A
  • psychoanalytical (Freud)
  • individual (Alfred Adler)
  • analytical (Carl Jung)
  • client-centered (Carl Rogers)
  • behavior (Skinner, Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe)
  • cognitive (Aaron Beck)
  • rational-emotive (Albert Ellis)
  • gestalt (Fritz Perls, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka)
  • existential (Victor Frankl)
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1
Q

What is clinical psychology?

A

the study of the theory, assessment, and treatment of mental and emotional disorders

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2
Q

Who proposed the psychoanalytic theory of clinical psychology?

A

Sigmund Freud

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3
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what is the central aspect of human nature?

A

conflict between drives that vie for expression

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4
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what motivates individuals?

A

drive reduction

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5
Q

What was the original major conflict of psychoanalytic theory?

A

between the libido and the ego

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6
Q

What was the revised major conflict in psychoanalytic theory?

A

between Eros (life instincts) and Thanatos (death instincts)

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7
Q

What was psychoanalytic theory’s original model for mental structure?

A

that of two layers:
surface was conscious elements
below the surface were unconscious elements such as drives and wishes

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8
Q

What was psychoanalytic theory’s later model for mental structure?

A

a three part structure:
ego - interacts with env. and must manage the pressures of the id and superego
id - unconscious biological drives/wishes
superego - imposes learned/socialized drives & rules

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9
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what leads to abnormal behavior slash mental illness?

A

repressed drives and conflicts

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10
Q

What is psychic determinism?

A

the theory that all mental events & mistakes are not spontaneous, but in fact determined by underlying mental complexes

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11
Q

What types of behavior does psychic determinism consider meaningful?

A 
pathological behavior
dreams
unconscious behavior
slips of the tongue
etc.
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12
Q

What is the main goal of psychoanalysis?

A

to make as much of the unconscious pressures consciously recognized as possible, and so relieve them

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13
Q

Who developed the technique of free association?

A

Joseph Breuer

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14
Q

What are the terms for the expression of repressed thoughts and emotions in psychoanalysis?

A

catharsis or abreaction

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15
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what are transference and countertransference?

A

transference is how patients feel about their therapist, and is a reflection of how they feel towards their own parents
countertransference is how the therapist feels about their patient

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16
Q

How does psychoanalytic theory view aggression?

A

it is a central force in the psyche that needs an outlet in modern life

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17
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what is projection?

A

a defense mechanism

accusing others if having one’s own unacceptable feelings

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18
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what is displacement?

A

a defense mechanism

shifting the focus of negative feelings/actions to an unthreatening recipient

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19
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what is reaction formation?

A

a defense mechanism

embracing feelings/behaviors opposite to the true unacceptable feelings you have

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20
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what is compensation?

A

a defense mechanism

excelling in one area to make up for deficiencies in another

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21
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what is sublimation?

A

a defense mechanism

channeling threatening drives into acceptable outlets

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22
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what is identification?

A

identifying with and imitating a central role model in your life

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23
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what is undoing?

A

a defense mechanism

performing an often ritualistic behavior to relieve anxiety about unconscious drives

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24
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what is dreaming?

A

an outlet for unconscious feelings slash desires

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25
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what are the manifest and latent content of dreams?

A

manifest content - actual content of the dream

latent - unconscious forces the dream is trying to express

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26
Q

What is the pleasure principle of psychoanalytic theory?

A

the human motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain

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27
Q

What is the other term for the pleasure principle of psychoanalytic theory?

A

the primary process

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28
Q

What is the reality principle of psychoanalytic theory?

A

the motivation that is guided by the ego and responds to the demands of the environment by delaying gratification

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29
Q

What is the other term for the reality principle of psychoanalytic theory?

A

the secondary process

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30
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, what is a screen memory?

A

a memory that is tolerable but associated with a distressing event and which is unconsciously used to hide the distressing memory

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31
Q

Who proposed the individual theory of clinical psychology?

A

Alfred Adler

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32
Q

What is an alternative name for the individual theory of clinical psychology

A

the Adlerian theory

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33
Q

In the Adlerian approach to psychology, what is ‘becoming’?

A

the process of an individual realizing themselves (their creative and social whole)

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34
Q

In Adlerian psychology, what are the primary motivators for growth?

A

social needs

feelings of inferiority from failing to match an idealized version of yourself

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35
Q

In the individual theory of psychology, what do healthy individual have that allow them to thrive?

A

a will to power

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36
Q

In the individual theory of psychology, what is the will to power?

A

a quest for feelings of superiority

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37
Q

In the individual theory of psychology, what is the root cause of abnormal behavior?

A

an unhealthy individual is affected too strongly by feelings of inferiority to pursue their goals

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38
Q

In the individual theory of psychology, what types of goals do mentally healthy and unhealthy people pursue?

A

healthy - external, beneficial to society

unhealthy - self-serving and egotistical

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39
Q

In the Adlerian theory of psychology, what is the ultimate goal of therapy?

A
  • reduce feelings of inferiority

- foster social interest and social contribution

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40
Q

What type of treatment is used in Adlerian therapy?

A

a psychodynamic approach

mostly, examination of motivations, perceptions, goals, and resources

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41
Q

What is the primary weakness of Adlerian theory and therapy?

A

it is best used with people who do not have more severe forms of mental illness, and doesn’t bother to address them

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42
Q

What were the four personality types proposed by Alfred Adler?

A
  • ruling dominant (choleric)
  • getting leaning (phlegmatic)
  • avoiding type (melancholic)
  • socially useful type (sanguine)
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43
Q

What were the two features Alfred Adler used to determine a person’s personality type?

A
  • personal activity level

- social interest/contribution level

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44
Q

In Adlerian personality, what were the features of the ruling-dominant/choleric type?

A

high in personal activity
low in social contribution
they are dominant

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45
Q

In Adlerian personality, what were the features of the getting-leaning/phlegmatic type?

A

low in personal activity
high in social contribution
they are dependent

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46
Q

In Adlerian personality, what were the features of the avoiding/melancholic type?

A

they are low in personal activity
low in social contribution
they are withdrawn

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47
Q

In Adlerian personality, what were the features of the socially useful/sanguine/healthy type?

A

high in personal activity

high in social contribution

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48
Q

Who proposed the analytical theory of clinical psychology?

A

Carl Jung

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49
Q

In Jungian theory, what is the mind called, and what is its structure?

A

the psyche

conscious & unconscious elements

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50
Q

What are the two components of the unconscious mind in analytical psychology?

A

personal - material from an individual’s own experiences which can become conscious
collective - dynamics of the psyche inherited from ancestors which is common to all people

51
Q

In Jungian psychology, what are the main motivations of the psyche?

A

life and awareness

52
Q

In Jungian psychology, what is an archetype?

A

a universally meaningful concept passed through the collective unconsciousness

53
Q

In Jungian psychology, what is the function of an archetype?

A

they allow us to organize our experiences with consistent themes

54
Q

What are the five most common archetypes of analytical psychology?

A
  • persona
  • shadow
  • anima
  • animus
  • self
55
Q

In Jungian psychology, what are the anima and animus?

A

two archetypes
anima is the female elements in a man’s psyche
animus is the male elements in a woman’s psyche

56
Q

In Jungian psychology, what is the persona?

A

an archetype

a person’s outer mask, the mediator between the psyche and the external world

57
Q

In Jungian psychology, what is the shadow?

A

an archetype

a person’s dark side, often projected onto others

58
Q

In Jungian psychology, what is the self?

A

an archetype
a fully realized individual
symbolized in cultures by figures such as Jesus & the Buddha

59
Q

In analytical psychology, what is the cause of abnormal behavior?

A

something is wrong in the composition of the psyche

60
Q

In analytical therapy, what is the ultimate goal?

A

use unconscious messages to become more aware and closer to full potential

61
Q

What is the treatment technique of analytical psychology?

A

psychodynamic

analyze dreams, artwork, and personal symbols (all unconscious messages)

62
Q

What are alternative names for the client-centered theory of psychology?

A

person-centered

Rogerian

63
Q

Who advocated the client-centered theory of psychology?

A

Carl Rogers

64
Q

What are the main tenets of person-centered psychology?

A
  • humanistic & optimistic in nature

- humans have an actualizing tendency that leads them from conflict towards full potential

65
Q

In Rogerian psychology, what causes abnormal behavior?

A

incongruence between conscious self-conception and real behavior in life
eg self concept that you are perfect vs experiences of failure

66
Q

What is the goal of Rogerian therapy?

A

provide a trusting atmosphere where clients can engage in self-directed growth

67
Q

What are evidence that a client is experiencing growth in Rogerian therapy?

A
  • congruent self-concept
  • positive self-regard
  • internal locus of evaluation
  • willingness to experience
68
Q

In client-centered therapy, what three things must the therapist provide?

A
  • empathy
  • unconditional positive regard
  • genuineness/congruence
69
Q

Who advocated for the behavior theory of psychology?

A

BF Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Joseph Wolpe

70
Q

What is the behavior theory of clinical psychogy based on?

A

learning

71
Q

What are two of the major strains of behavior theory of clinical psychology?

A

radical behaviorism - Skinnerian, based on operant conditioning
neobehaviorism - based on classical conditioning and overriding old responses to stimuli

72
Q

In the behavior theory of clinical psychology, what is the cause of abnormal behavior?

A

learning of abnormal or maladaptive behaviors

73
Q

What is the goal of behavioral therapy?

A

changing maladaptive behavior in a positive and more adaptive direction

74
Q

Who developed systematic desensitization?

A

Joseph Wolpe

75
Q

What is flooding (in terms if behavioral therapy)?

A

a classical conditioning technique

repeated exposure to an anxiety inducing stimulus

76
Q

What is an alternative name for flooding therapy?

A

implosive therapy

77
Q

What is the basis for aversion therapy?

A

operant principle of punishment

increase anxiety at exposure to a stimulus

78
Q

What does the therapy of modeling involve?

A

employs social learning principles

exposes the client to more adaptive behaviors

79
Q

What is the main criticism of behavior therapy?

A

it treats symptoms, not the underlying problem

80
Q

Who proposed cognitive therapy?

A

Aaron Beck

81
Q

What is the goal of cognitive therapy?

A

to correct/replace maladaptive cognitions and cognitive patterns

82
Q

In the cognitive theory of psychology, what is the cause of abnormal behavior?

A

various kinds of maladaptive cognitions

83
Q

What are the five main types of flawed cognitions postulated by Aaron Beck?

A
  • arbitrary interference
  • overgeneralization
  • magnifying/minimizing
  • personalizing
  • dichotomous thinking
84
Q

In the cognitive theory, what is arbitrary interference?

A

drawing a conclusion without solid evidence

my boss doesn’t invite me to golf->my boss thinks i’m stupid

85
Q

In the cognitive theory, what is overgeneralization?

A

mistaking isolated incidents for the norm

86
Q

In the cognitive theory, what is magnifying/minimizing?

A

making too much or too little of things
when i do well is is only luck
when i do bad i will be ruined forever

87
Q

In the cognitive theory, what is personalizing?

A

inappropriately taking responsibility

88
Q

In the cognitive theory, what is dichotomous thinking?

A

black-and-white thinking

89
Q

In the cognitive theory, what is the cognitive triad?

A

the cause of depression: negative views about

  • the self
  • the world
  • the future
90
Q

What clinical test did Aaron Beck devise for his theory of abnormal psychology?

A

the Beck Depression Inventory

91
Q

What is the method of therapy in the cognitive theory of psychology?

A

directed therapy that exposes maladaptive thought patterns and attempts to restructure them

92
Q

Who proposed the rational-emotive theory of clinical psychology?

A

Albert Ellis

93
Q

What does RET stand for?

A

the Rational-Emotive Theory of clinical psychology

94
Q

In the RET, what is the sequence of events that leads to abnormal behavior?

A

1-activating event
2-client applies beliefs about event
3-consequence of emotional disruption

95
Q

In the RET, what do a b and c stand for?

A

action (triggering event)
belief (cognitive distortions)
consequence (emotional disruption)

96
Q

In the RET, what do d and e stand for?

A

dispute (reframe beliefs)

effective rational beliefs

97
Q

In the RET, what is the primary goal of therapy?

A

to replace self-defeating beliefs with rational ones

98
Q

In the RET, how would a therapist treat a client?

A

combination of elements of cog, beh, and emotional therapy

directive therapy -encourages client to reject irrational beliefs

99
Q

What therapies were criticized for being too mechanistic and impersonal?

A

cognitive therapy
behavioral therapy
rational-emotive therapy

100
Q

Who proposed the gestalt theory of clinical paychology?

A

Fritz Perls, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka

101
Q

What is the primary goal of gestalt therapy?

A

exploration of awareness

fully perceiving/experiencing the present

102
Q

In the gestalt theory, what is the cause of abnormal behavior?

A

disturbances of awareness

103
Q

In the gestalt theory, what are the two main disturbances of awareness?

A
  • lacking insight (ability to see how all pieces of experience fit together)
  • not fully experiencing the present (choosing not to acknowledge aspects of a situation)
104
Q

In the gestalt theory, what is the main technique of therapy?

A

dialogue between therapist & client that focuses on the here and now

105
Q

Who proposed the existential theory of clinical psychology?

A

Victor Frankl

106
Q

In the existential theory, what are the two primary struggles in life?

A

being vs nonbeing

meaningfulness vs meaninglessness

107
Q

What is the will to meaning? Who coined this term?

A

Victor Frankl

the strive to live a meaningful existence

108
Q

Besides Victor Frankl, who was another major contributor to existential theory?

A

Rollo May

109
Q

What is the goal of existential therapy?

A

increase a client’s sense of being and meaningfulness

110
Q

In the existential theory, what is the cause and symptom of abnormal behavior?

A

cause: perceived meaninglessness
result: neurotic anxiety

111
Q

What are the three monoamines?

A

dopamine
serotonin
norepinephrine

112
Q

What disorder are antimanics targeted towards?

A

bipolar disorder

113
Q

What neurotransmitter’s actions are usually targeted by antimanics?

A

norepi and 5-HT

114
Q

What does MAOI stand for?

A

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

115
Q

What does TCA stand for?

A

tricyclic antidepressants

116
Q

What did Hans Eysenck contribute to the field of clinical psychology?

A

criticized its effectiveness based on older studies that showed it was no more effective than no tx

117
Q

What did Anna Freud contribute to the field of clinical psychology?

A

applied Freudian ideas to child psychology and development

118
Q

What did Melanie Klein contribute to the field of clinical psychology?

A

object-relations theory

psychoanalysis with children

119
Q

What is object-relations theory?

A

basically a psychodynamic version of ‘how you grow up influences adult thinking/behavior’

120
Q

Who were two important Neo-Freudians?

A
  • Karen Horney

- Harry Stack Sullivan

121
Q

What are the three primary psychodynamic theories?

A
  • psychoanalytic
  • individual
  • analytical
122
Q

What is the third force of psychotherapy?

A

the humanistic approach to therapy (after psychodynamics and behaviorism)

123
Q

What was Abraham Maslow’s psychological philosophy?

A

humanism

124
Q

What was Abraham Maslow’s most famous contribution to psychological theory?

A

the hierarchy of needs

125
Q

What therapy did Donald Meichenbaum develop?

A

stress-inoculation therapy

126
Q

What is stress-inoculation training?

A

it is preparation for foreseeable stressors

GRE Psychology (homemade) (17 decks)

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