Clinical Psych Flashcards
0
Q
What are the 8 main theories in clinical psychology?
A
- psychoanalytical (Freud)
- individual (Alfred Adler)
- analytical (Carl Jung)
- client-centered (Carl Rogers)
- behavior (Skinner, Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe)
- cognitive (Aaron Beck)
- rational-emotive (Albert Ellis)
- gestalt (Fritz Perls, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka)
- existential (Victor Frankl)
1
Q
What is clinical psychology?
A
the study of the theory, assessment, and treatment of mental and emotional disorders
2
Q
Who proposed the psychoanalytic theory of clinical psychology?
A
Sigmund Freud
3
Q
In psychoanalytic theory, what is the central aspect of human nature?
A
conflict between drives that vie for expression
4
Q
In psychoanalytic theory, what motivates individuals?
A
drive reduction
5
Q
What was the original major conflict of psychoanalytic theory?
A
between the libido and the ego
6
Q
What was the revised major conflict in psychoanalytic theory?
A
between Eros (life instincts) and Thanatos (death instincts)
7
Q
What was psychoanalytic theory’s original model for mental structure?
A
that of two layers:
surface was conscious elements
below the surface were unconscious elements such as drives and wishes
8
Q
What was psychoanalytic theory’s later model for mental structure?
A
a three part structure:
ego - interacts with env. and must manage the pressures of the id and superego
id - unconscious biological drives/wishes
superego - imposes learned/socialized drives & rules
9
Q
In psychoanalytic theory, what leads to abnormal behavior slash mental illness?
A
repressed drives and conflicts
10
Q
What is psychic determinism?
A
the theory that all mental events & mistakes are not spontaneous, but in fact determined by underlying mental complexes
11
Q
What types of behavior does psychic determinism consider meaningful?
A
pathological behavior dreams unconscious behavior slips of the tongue etc.
12
Q
What is the main goal of psychoanalysis?
A
to make as much of the unconscious pressures consciously recognized as possible, and so relieve them
13
Q
Who developed the technique of free association?
A
Joseph Breuer
14
Q
What are the terms for the expression of repressed thoughts and emotions in psychoanalysis?
A
catharsis or abreaction
15
Q
In psychoanalytic theory, what are transference and countertransference?
A
transference is how patients feel about their therapist, and is a reflection of how they feel towards their own parents
countertransference is how the therapist feels about their patient
16
Q
How does psychoanalytic theory view aggression?
A
it is a central force in the psyche that needs an outlet in modern life
17
Q
In psychoanalytic theory, what is projection?
A
a defense mechanism
accusing others if having one’s own unacceptable feelings
18
Q
In psychoanalytic theory, what is displacement?
A
a defense mechanism
shifting the focus of negative feelings/actions to an unthreatening recipient
19
Q
In psychoanalytic theory, what is reaction formation?
A
a defense mechanism
embracing feelings/behaviors opposite to the true unacceptable feelings you have
20
Q
In psychoanalytic theory, what is compensation?
A
a defense mechanism
excelling in one area to make up for deficiencies in another
21
Q
In psychoanalytic theory, what is sublimation?
A
a defense mechanism
channeling threatening drives into acceptable outlets
22
Q
In psychoanalytic theory, what is identification?
A
identifying with and imitating a central role model in your life
23
Q
In psychoanalytic theory, what is undoing?
A
a defense mechanism
performing an often ritualistic behavior to relieve anxiety about unconscious drives
24
In psychoanalytic theory, what is dreaming?
an outlet for unconscious feelings slash desires
25
In psychoanalytic theory, what are the manifest and latent content of dreams?
manifest content - actual content of the dream
| latent - unconscious forces the dream is trying to express
26
What is the pleasure principle of psychoanalytic theory?
the human motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain
27
What is the other term for the pleasure principle of psychoanalytic theory?
the primary process
28
What is the reality principle of psychoanalytic theory?
the motivation that is guided by the ego and responds to the demands of the environment by delaying gratification
29
What is the other term for the reality principle of psychoanalytic theory?
the secondary process
30
In psychoanalytic theory, what is a screen memory?
a memory that is tolerable but associated with a distressing event and which is unconsciously used to hide the distressing memory
31
Who proposed the individual theory of clinical psychology?
Alfred Adler
32
What is an alternative name for the individual theory of clinical psychology
the Adlerian theory
33
In the Adlerian approach to psychology, what is 'becoming'?
the process of an individual realizing themselves (their creative and social whole)
34
In Adlerian psychology, what are the primary motivators for growth?
social needs
| feelings of inferiority from failing to match an idealized version of yourself
35
In the individual theory of psychology, what do healthy individual have that allow them to thrive?
a will to power
36
In the individual theory of psychology, what is the will to power?
a quest for feelings of superiority
37
In the individual theory of psychology, what is the root cause of abnormal behavior?
an unhealthy individual is affected too strongly by feelings of inferiority to pursue their goals
38
In the individual theory of psychology, what types of goals do mentally healthy and unhealthy people pursue?
healthy - external, beneficial to society
| unhealthy - self-serving and egotistical
39
In the Adlerian theory of psychology, what is the ultimate goal of therapy?
- reduce feelings of inferiority
| - foster social interest and social contribution
40
What type of treatment is used in Adlerian therapy?
a psychodynamic approach
| mostly, examination of motivations, perceptions, goals, and resources
41
What is the primary weakness of Adlerian theory and therapy?
it is best used with people who do not have more severe forms of mental illness, and doesn't bother to address them
42
What were the four personality types proposed by Alfred Adler?
- ruling dominant (choleric)
- getting leaning (phlegmatic)
- avoiding type (melancholic)
- socially useful type (sanguine)
43
What were the two features Alfred Adler used to determine a person's personality type?
- personal activity level
| - social interest/contribution level
44
In Adlerian personality, what were the features of the ruling-dominant/choleric type?
high in personal activity
low in social contribution
they are dominant
45
In Adlerian personality, what were the features of the getting-leaning/phlegmatic type?
low in personal activity
high in social contribution
they are dependent
46
In Adlerian personality, what were the features of the avoiding/melancholic type?
they are low in personal activity
low in social contribution
they are withdrawn
47
In Adlerian personality, what were the features of the socially useful/sanguine/healthy type?
high in personal activity
| high in social contribution
48
Who proposed the analytical theory of clinical psychology?
Carl Jung
49
In Jungian theory, what is the mind called, and what is its structure?
the psyche
| conscious & unconscious elements
50
What are the two components of the unconscious mind in analytical psychology?
personal - material from an individual's own experiences which can become conscious
collective - dynamics of the psyche inherited from ancestors which is common to all people
51
In Jungian psychology, what are the main motivations of the psyche?
life and awareness
52
In Jungian psychology, what is an archetype?
a universally meaningful concept passed through the collective unconsciousness
53
In Jungian psychology, what is the function of an archetype?
they allow us to organize our experiences with consistent themes
54
What are the five most common archetypes of analytical psychology?
- persona
- shadow
- anima
- animus
- self
55
In Jungian psychology, what are the anima and animus?
two archetypes
anima is the female elements in a man's psyche
animus is the male elements in a woman's psyche
56
In Jungian psychology, what is the persona?
an archetype
| a person's outer mask, the mediator between the psyche and the external world
57
In Jungian psychology, what is the shadow?
an archetype
| a person's dark side, often projected onto others
58
In Jungian psychology, what is the self?
an archetype
a fully realized individual
symbolized in cultures by figures such as Jesus & the Buddha
59
In analytical psychology, what is the cause of abnormal behavior?
something is wrong in the composition of the psyche
60
In analytical therapy, what is the ultimate goal?
use unconscious messages to become more aware and closer to full potential
61
What is the treatment technique of analytical psychology?
psychodynamic
| analyze dreams, artwork, and personal symbols (all unconscious messages)
62
What are alternative names for the client-centered theory of psychology?
person-centered
| Rogerian
63
Who advocated the client-centered theory of psychology?
Carl Rogers
64
What are the main tenets of person-centered psychology?
- humanistic & optimistic in nature
| - humans have an actualizing tendency that leads them from conflict towards full potential
65
In Rogerian psychology, what causes abnormal behavior?
incongruence between conscious self-conception and real behavior in life
eg self concept that you are perfect vs experiences of failure
66
What is the goal of Rogerian therapy?
provide a trusting atmosphere where clients can engage in self-directed growth
67
What are evidence that a client is experiencing growth in Rogerian therapy?
- congruent self-concept
- positive self-regard
- internal locus of evaluation
- willingness to experience
68
In client-centered therapy, what three things must the therapist provide?
- empathy
- unconditional positive regard
- genuineness/congruence
69
Who advocated for the behavior theory of psychology?
BF Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Joseph Wolpe
70
What is the behavior theory of clinical psychogy based on?
learning
71
What are two of the major strains of behavior theory of clinical psychology?
radical behaviorism - Skinnerian, based on operant conditioning
neobehaviorism - based on classical conditioning and overriding old responses to stimuli
72
In the behavior theory of clinical psychology, what is the cause of abnormal behavior?
learning of abnormal or maladaptive behaviors
73
What is the goal of behavioral therapy?
changing maladaptive behavior in a positive and more adaptive direction
74
Who developed systematic desensitization?
Joseph Wolpe
75
What is flooding (in terms if behavioral therapy)?
a classical conditioning technique
| repeated exposure to an anxiety inducing stimulus
76
What is an alternative name for flooding therapy?
implosive therapy
77
What is the basis for aversion therapy?
operant principle of punishment
| increase anxiety at exposure to a stimulus
78
What does the therapy of modeling involve?
employs social learning principles
| exposes the client to more adaptive behaviors
79
What is the main criticism of behavior therapy?
it treats symptoms, not the underlying problem
80
Who proposed cognitive therapy?
Aaron Beck
81
What is the goal of cognitive therapy?
to correct/replace maladaptive cognitions and cognitive patterns
82
In the cognitive theory of psychology, what is the cause of abnormal behavior?
various kinds of maladaptive cognitions
83
What are the five main types of flawed cognitions postulated by Aaron Beck?
- arbitrary interference
- overgeneralization
- magnifying/minimizing
- personalizing
- dichotomous thinking
84
In the cognitive theory, what is arbitrary interference?
drawing a conclusion without solid evidence
| my boss doesn't invite me to golf->my boss thinks i'm stupid
85
In the cognitive theory, what is overgeneralization?
mistaking isolated incidents for the norm
86
In the cognitive theory, what is magnifying/minimizing?
making too much or too little of things
when i do well is is only luck
when i do bad i will be ruined forever
87
In the cognitive theory, what is personalizing?
inappropriately taking responsibility
88
In the cognitive theory, what is dichotomous thinking?
black-and-white thinking
89
In the cognitive theory, what is the cognitive triad?
the cause of depression: negative views about
- the self
- the world
- the future
90
What clinical test did Aaron Beck devise for his theory of abnormal psychology?
the Beck Depression Inventory
91
What is the method of therapy in the cognitive theory of psychology?
directed therapy that exposes maladaptive thought patterns and attempts to restructure them
92
Who proposed the rational-emotive theory of clinical psychology?
Albert Ellis
93
What does RET stand for?
the Rational-Emotive Theory of clinical psychology
94
In the RET, what is the sequence of events that leads to abnormal behavior?
1-activating event
2-client applies beliefs about event
3-consequence of emotional disruption
95
In the RET, what do a b and c stand for?
action (triggering event)
belief (cognitive distortions)
consequence (emotional disruption)
96
In the RET, what do d and e stand for?
dispute (reframe beliefs)
| effective rational beliefs
97
In the RET, what is the primary goal of therapy?
to replace self-defeating beliefs with rational ones
98
In the RET, how would a therapist treat a client?
combination of elements of cog, beh, and emotional therapy
| directive therapy -encourages client to reject irrational beliefs
99
What therapies were criticized for being too mechanistic and impersonal?
cognitive therapy
behavioral therapy
rational-emotive therapy
100
Who proposed the gestalt theory of clinical paychology?
Fritz Perls, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka
101
What is the primary goal of gestalt therapy?
exploration of awareness
| fully perceiving/experiencing the present
102
In the gestalt theory, what is the cause of abnormal behavior?
disturbances of awareness
103
In the gestalt theory, what are the two main disturbances of awareness?
- lacking insight (ability to see how all pieces of experience fit together)
- not fully experiencing the present (choosing not to acknowledge aspects of a situation)
104
In the gestalt theory, what is the main technique of therapy?
dialogue between therapist & client that focuses on the here and now
105
Who proposed the existential theory of clinical psychology?
Victor Frankl
106
In the existential theory, what are the two primary struggles in life?
being vs nonbeing
| meaningfulness vs meaninglessness
107
What is the will to meaning? Who coined this term?
Victor Frankl
| the strive to live a meaningful existence
108
Besides Victor Frankl, who was another major contributor to existential theory?
Rollo May
109
What is the goal of existential therapy?
increase a client's sense of being and meaningfulness
110
In the existential theory, what is the cause and symptom of abnormal behavior?
cause: perceived meaninglessness
result: neurotic anxiety
111
What are the three monoamines?
dopamine
serotonin
norepinephrine
112
What disorder are antimanics targeted towards?
bipolar disorder
113
What neurotransmitter's actions are usually targeted by antimanics?
norepi and 5-HT
114
What does MAOI stand for?
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
115
What does TCA stand for?
tricyclic antidepressants
116
What did Hans Eysenck contribute to the field of clinical psychology?
criticized its effectiveness based on older studies that showed it was no more effective than no tx
117
What did Anna Freud contribute to the field of clinical psychology?
applied Freudian ideas to child psychology and development
118
What did Melanie Klein contribute to the field of clinical psychology?
object-relations theory
| psychoanalysis with children
119
What is object-relations theory?
basically a psychodynamic version of 'how you grow up influences adult thinking/behavior'
120
Who were two important Neo-Freudians?
- Karen Horney
| - Harry Stack Sullivan
121
What are the three primary psychodynamic theories?
- psychoanalytic
- individual
- analytical
122
What is the third force of psychotherapy?
the humanistic approach to therapy (after psychodynamics and behaviorism)
123
What was Abraham Maslow's psychological philosophy?
humanism
124
What was Abraham Maslow's most famous contribution to psychological theory?
the hierarchy of needs
125
What therapy did Donald Meichenbaum develop?
stress-inoculation therapy
126
What is stress-inoculation training?
it is preparation for foreseeable stressors
