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GRE Psychology (homemade) > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the classification system of a Type Theory model of personality?

A

a categorical one, often based on physical appearance

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

the study of why people act the way they do and why the behave differently from other people

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2
Q

What was William Sheldon’s theory of personality based on?

A

somatotypes (body shapes)

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3
Q

What were the three somatotypes of Sheldon’s personality research?

A
  • endomorph
  • mesomorph
  • ectomorph
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4
Q

What was Gordon Allport’s theory of personality based on?

A

ideographic approach - focuses on an individual’s unique, defining characteristics

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5
Q

What is the difference between an ideographic approach and a nomothetic approach of personality study?

A

ideographic - uniqueness of individual

nomothetic - common strains in large groups of people

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6
Q

What is a personality trait?

A

a relatively stable characteristic of behavior

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7
Q

How did Allport organize a person’s personality?

A

a hierarchy of traits
cardinal trait
central traits
secondary traits

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8
Q

What did Raymond Cattell contribute to personality research?

A

reduced Allport’s massive list of traits to 16 bipolar ‘source traits’ via factor analysis

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9
Q

How many personality factors did Cattell identify?

A

16

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10
Q

What are the Big Five?

A

five dimensions of personality that seem to encompass all personality traits

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11
Q

What are the Big Five super-factors (list them)?

A 
OCEAN
1 openness to experience/curiosity
2 conscientiousness
3 extroversion & enthusiasm
4 agreeableness
5 neuroticism & nervousness
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12
Q

What are the three main schools of thought on the origins of personality?

A
  • dispositionists
  • situationists
  • interactionists
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13
Q

What do the dispositionists believe about personality?

A

based on internal, preset determinants

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14
Q

What do the situationists believe about personality?

A

there are no stable traits, behavior is only determined by the immediate circumstances (behaviorists)

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15
Q

What do the interactionists believe about personality?

A

a combination of stable internal factors and the situation at hand determines behavior

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16
Q

What did Seymour Epstein & Walter Mischel criticize in personality theories?

A

both type and trait theories ignore immediate circumstances and assume totally stable behavior

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17
Q

What is the consistency paradox?

A

the observation that a human being’s personality tends to remain the same over time, while their behavior can change in different situations.

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18
Q

What theory of personality did Walter Mischel and Nancy Cantor propose?

A

the cognitive prototype approach

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19
Q

What is the approx. heritability of personality traits?

A

40-50%

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20
Q

What did Kay Deaux find about gender traits?

A

women’s successes at ‘male’ tasks are attributed to luck (men’s are attributed to skill)
even women attribute their own successes more to luck

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21
Q

What did Sandra Bem find about gender traits?

A

studied androgyny

created the Bem Sex Role Inventory

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22
Q

Who created the Bem Sex Role Inventory? What does it measure?

A

Sandra Bem

score on stereotypical masculine and feminine traits

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23
Q

What did Matina Horner propose gender traits?

A

that women avoid ‘masculine success’, bc they fear success, because of associated social consequences such as resentment and rejection

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24
Q

What did Alice Eagly find about gender traits?

A

lots

gender interacts with perceived social status in terms of ability to influence/sway and be influenced/swayed

25
Q

Who criticized studies of gender differences?

A

Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin

26
Q

What did Maccoby and Jacklin contribute to the study of gender traits?

A

most ‘differences’ were explained by social learning

except maybe verbal and visuo-spatial processing differences

27
Q

What are the features of a Type A personality?

A

drive, competitiveness, aggressiveness, and tension

28
Q

Who were three of the major researchers who studied Type A Personality?

A

Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman

Grant Dahlstrom

29
Q

What did Friedman and Rosenman study in personality?

A

Type A personality

30
Q

What did Grant Dahlstrom study in personality?

A

that Type A personality is associated with heart disease and other health risks

31
Q

What are the physical and personality features of an endomorph?

A

short, plump body

pleasure seeking, social behavior

32
Q

What are the physical and personality features of an mesomorph?

A

muscular, athletic body

energetic, aggressive behavior

33
Q

What are the physical and personality features of an ectomorph?

A

skinny, fragile body

inhibited, intellectual behavior

34
Q

What were the two personality dimensions identified by Hans Eysenck?

A

intro-extroversion

stable-unstable (neuroticism)

35
Q

How did Hans Eysenck organize his two dimensions of personality?

A

as a cross, so that there would be four quadrants to correspond with the four humor types

36
Q

What did Martin Seligman study in personality research?

A

learned helplessness, and how to change a person’s attitude with learned optimism

37
Q

What is multiplicative observation?

A

the method of discerning peronality from a variety of observations and situations

38
Q

How does someone with an authoritarian outlook view the world?

A

full of power relationships

39
Q

What is used to measure authoritarianism personality traits?

A

the F-scale (Fascism scale)

40
Q

What are likely personality features of someone who scores highly on the F-scale?

A
  • conventional
  • aggressive
  • stereotyping
  • anti-introspective
41
Q

What is an implicit theory of personality?

A

people’s own internal guesses about another’s personality based on that person’s actions

42
Q

What did George Kelly theorize about the origin of personality?

A

that personal constructs determine personality and behavior

43
Q

What are George Kelley’s personal constructs?

A

conscious ideas about the self, others, and situations

44
Q

What is self-handicapping?

A

self-defeating behavior that allows a person to dismiss or excuse their own failure

45
Q

What was Seymour Epstein’s contribution to personality research?

A

he was critical of the trait theory of personality

46
Q

According to the phenomenological view of personality, what determines personality and behavior?

A

the specific ways each person perceives and interprets the world
each person actively constructs their own world

47
Q

What are the three behavioral features of self-monitoring?

A
  • scrutinizing own behavior
  • masking true feelings
  • acting ‘appropriately’, rather than honestly according to own feelings/desires
48
Q

What is the Barnum effect?

A

the tendency to agree with overly broad personality interpretations they think are tailored to them

49
Q

What is the Forer effect?

A

it is another name for the Barnum effect

50
Q

How does a person feel if they have too much focus on an external locus of control?

A

helpless

51
Q

How does a person feel if they have too much focus on an internal locus of control?

A

self-blaming

52
Q

Who developed the terms internal/external locus of control?

A

Julian Rotter

53
Q

What did Julian Rotter contribute to personality research?

A

the ideas of internal/external locus of control

54
Q

What is dispositional attribution?

A

the fundamental attribution error (attribution actions to personality rather than situation)

55
Q

What type of condition is self-awareness?

A

it is a state (not a trait) and thus temporary

56
Q

What type of condition is self-conscioussness?

A

a trait - a tendency to become self-aware slash pay a lot of attention to yourself

57
Q

What affect do mirrors have on us? Which will have a larger effect, a small or bug mirror?

A
  • make people self-aware

- large mirrors are more effective

58
Q

What did Henry Murray contribute to the study of personality?

A

developed the TAT

59
Q

What did Costa and McCrae contribute to the study of personality?

A

discovered it changes little after age 30

60
Q

What did Abraham Maslow contribute to the study of personality?

A

the hierarchy of needs

GRE Psychology (homemade) (17 decks)

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