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GRE Psychology (homemade) > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

0
Q

What is the classification system of a Type Theory model of personality?

A

a categorical one, often based on physical appearance

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

the study of why people act the way they do and why the behave differently from other people

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2
Q

What was William Sheldon’s theory of personality based on?

A

somatotypes (body shapes)

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3
Q

What were the three somatotypes of Sheldon’s personality research?

A
  • endomorph
  • mesomorph
  • ectomorph
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4
Q

What was Gordon Allport’s theory of personality based on?

A

ideographic approach - focuses on an individual’s unique, defining characteristics

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5
Q

What is the difference between an ideographic approach and a nomothetic approach of personality study?

A

ideographic - uniqueness of individual

nomothetic - common strains in large groups of people

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6
Q

What is a personality trait?

A

a relatively stable characteristic of behavior

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7
Q

How did Allport organize a person’s personality?

A

a hierarchy of traits
cardinal trait
central traits
secondary traits

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8
Q

What did Raymond Cattell contribute to personality research?

A

reduced Allport’s massive list of traits to 16 bipolar ‘source traits’ via factor analysis

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9
Q

How many personality factors did Cattell identify?

A

16

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10
Q

What are the Big Five?

A

five dimensions of personality that seem to encompass all personality traits

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11
Q

What are the Big Five super-factors (list them)?

A 
OCEAN
1 openness to experience/curiosity
2 conscientiousness
3 extroversion & enthusiasm
4 agreeableness
5 neuroticism & nervousness
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12
Q

What are the three main schools of thought on the origins of personality?

A
  • dispositionists
  • situationists
  • interactionists
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13
Q

What do the dispositionists believe about personality?

A

based on internal, preset determinants

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14
Q

What do the situationists believe about personality?

A

there are no stable traits, behavior is only determined by the immediate circumstances (behaviorists)

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15
Q

What do the interactionists believe about personality?

A

a combination of stable internal factors and the situation at hand determines behavior

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16
Q

What did Seymour Epstein & Walter Mischel criticize in personality theories?

A

both type and trait theories ignore immediate circumstances and assume totally stable behavior

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17
Q

What is the consistency paradox?

A

the observation that a human being’s personality tends to remain the same over time, while their behavior can change in different situations.

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18
Q

What theory of personality did Walter Mischel and Nancy Cantor propose?

A

the cognitive prototype approach

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19
Q

What is the approx. heritability of personality traits?

A

40-50%

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20
Q

What did Kay Deaux find about gender traits?

A

women’s successes at ‘male’ tasks are attributed to luck (men’s are attributed to skill)
even women attribute their own successes more to luck

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21
Q

What did Sandra Bem find about gender traits?

A

studied androgyny

created the Bem Sex Role Inventory

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22
Q

Who created the Bem Sex Role Inventory? What does it measure?

A

Sandra Bem

score on stereotypical masculine and feminine traits

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23
Q

What did Matina Horner propose gender traits?

A

that women avoid ‘masculine success’, bc they fear success, because of associated social consequences such as resentment and rejection

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24
What did Alice Eagly find about gender traits?
lots | gender interacts with perceived social status in terms of ability to influence/sway and be influenced/swayed
25
Who criticized studies of gender differences?
Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
26
What did Maccoby and Jacklin contribute to the study of gender traits?
most 'differences' were explained by social learning | except maybe verbal and visuo-spatial processing differences
27
What are the features of a Type A personality?
drive, competitiveness, aggressiveness, and tension
28
Who were three of the major researchers who studied Type A Personality?
Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman | Grant Dahlstrom
29
What did Friedman and Rosenman study in personality?
Type A personality
30
What did Grant Dahlstrom study in personality?
that Type A personality is associated with heart disease and other health risks
31
What are the physical and personality features of an endomorph?
short, plump body | pleasure seeking, social behavior
32
What are the physical and personality features of an mesomorph?
muscular, athletic body | energetic, aggressive behavior
33
What are the physical and personality features of an ectomorph?
skinny, fragile body | inhibited, intellectual behavior
34
What were the two personality dimensions identified by Hans Eysenck?
intro-extroversion | stable-unstable (neuroticism)
35
How did Hans Eysenck organize his two dimensions of personality?
as a cross, so that there would be four quadrants to correspond with the four humor types
36
What did Martin Seligman study in personality research?
learned helplessness, and how to change a person's attitude with learned optimism
37
What is multiplicative observation?
the method of discerning peronality from a variety of observations and situations
38
How does someone with an authoritarian outlook view the world?
full of power relationships
39
What is used to measure authoritarianism personality traits?
the F-scale (Fascism scale)
40
What are likely personality features of someone who scores highly on the F-scale?
- conventional - aggressive - stereotyping - anti-introspective
41
What is an implicit theory of personality?
people's own internal guesses about another's personality based on that person's actions
42
What did George Kelly theorize about the origin of personality?
that personal constructs determine personality and behavior
43
What are George Kelley's personal constructs?
conscious ideas about the self, others, and situations
44
What is self-handicapping?
self-defeating behavior that allows a person to dismiss or excuse their own failure
45
What was Seymour Epstein's contribution to personality research?
he was critical of the trait theory of personality
46
According to the phenomenological view of personality, what determines personality and behavior?
the specific ways each person perceives and interprets the world each person actively constructs their own world
47
What are the three behavioral features of self-monitoring?
- scrutinizing own behavior - masking true feelings - acting 'appropriately', rather than honestly according to own feelings/desires
48
What is the Barnum effect?
the tendency to agree with overly broad personality interpretations they think are tailored to them
49
What is the Forer effect?
it is another name for the Barnum effect
50
How does a person feel if they have too much focus on an external locus of control?
helpless
51
How does a person feel if they have too much focus on an internal locus of control?
self-blaming
52
Who developed the terms internal/external locus of control?
Julian Rotter
53
What did Julian Rotter contribute to personality research?
the ideas of internal/external locus of control
54
What is dispositional attribution?
the fundamental attribution error (attribution actions to personality rather than situation)
55
What type of condition is self-awareness?
it is a state (not a trait) and thus temporary
56
What type of condition is self-conscioussness?
a trait - a tendency to become self-aware slash pay a lot of attention to yourself
57
What affect do mirrors have on us? Which will have a larger effect, a small or bug mirror?
- make people self-aware | - large mirrors are more effective
58
What did Henry Murray contribute to the study of personality?
developed the TAT
59
What did Costa and McCrae contribute to the study of personality?
discovered it changes little after age 30
60
What did Abraham Maslow contribute to the study of personality?
the hierarchy of needs

GRE Psychology (homemade) (17 decks)

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