Memory

Question 0

What type of memory did George Sperling study?

Answer 0

iconic memory

Question 1

what are the three stages of memory?

Answer 1

sensory
short term
long term

Question 2

What stage of memory does iconic memory belong to?

Answer 2

sensory memory

Question 3

In George Sperling’s iconic memory experiment, what was the partial report?

Answer 3

1 show several lines of letters for <1 sec
2 tell subjects to write down a part. line
3 subject could report that line of letters, but forgot the others they had seen
4 hence, could partially report the sensory info

Question 4

Who coined the term icon, as in iconic memory?

Answer 4

Ulric Neisser

Question 5

What type of memory did Ulric Neisser study?

Answer 5

iconic memory

Question 6

In iconic memory, what is an icon?

Answer 6

a brief visual memory that lasts about 1 sec

Question 7

What is backward masking?

Answer 7

after showing a brief image, flashing a new pattern that will erase (‘mask’) the first image
can also be auditory in nature

Question 8

What is the term for auditory sensory memory?

Answer 8

echoic memory

Question 9

Who originally found the magic number 7 (+/- 2) in STM/working memory?

Answer 9

George Miller

Question 10

What is the theorized method by which most items are encoded in STM?

Answer 10

phonologically

Question 11

What are the two categories of rehearsing items in STM?

Answer 11

Primary (maintenance)

Secondary (elaborative)

Question 12

What are the two types of interference of info in STM?

Answer 12

proactive

retroactive

Question 13

What is proactive interference? what does it cause?

Answer 13

disruptive/distracting info is presented before the info to be learned
causes proactive inhibition

Question 14

What is retroactive interference? what does it cause?

Answer 14

disruptive/distracting info is presented after the info to be learned
causes retroactive inhibition

Question 15

What are the three basic ways of assessing LTM?

Answer 15

recognition
recall
savings

Question 16

What are the two main types of recall?

Answer 16

cued recall

free recall

Question 17

What does savings measure of LTM?

Answer 17

how long it takes a person to learn the info/task a second time compared to the first time

Question 18

What is the encoding specificity priciple?

Answer 18

the rule that memories are more easily retrieved in in the same context they were formed

Question 19

Who was the first to study memory systematically?

Answer 19

Herman Ebbinghaus

Question 20

Who proposed the forgetting curve?

Answer 20

Herman Ebbinghaus

Question 21

What did Frederick Bartlett discover about memory?

Answer 21

that it is usually reconstructive

by having people recall a story

Question 22

What hypothesis about memory did Allan Paivio propose?

Answer 22

the dual code hypothesis

Question 23

What was the Dual Code hypothesis of memory?

Answer 23

That items are best remembered if encoded by both imagery and semantics/understanding

Question 24

What was the theory of learning proposed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart?

Answer 24

the depth of processing theory - that more 'deeply' processed items will be learned and recalled better

Question 25

What was the behaviorist approach to memory?

Answer 25

paired-associate learning. memories are recalled by the cue of one item in the pair

Question 26

What was Elizabeth Loftus' contribution to the study of memory recall?

Answer 26

that reconstructive memory (esp of traumatic events) can be influenced by the phrasing of questions about the event. -car speed question example

Question 27

Who discovered that memories are stored diffusely in the brain?

Answer 27

Karl Lashley

Question 28

What did Karl Lashley discover about LTM?

Answer 28

that they are stored diffusely in the brain

Question 29

What did Donald Hebb propose about learning & memory?

Answer 29

That it is stored as changes in synaptic connections and neural pathways

Question 30

Who worked on memory research with H.M.?

Answer 30

Brenda Milner

Question 31

What is serial learning?

Answer 31

learning a sequence of items that can/must be recalled in order

Question 32

What are two key features of serially learned information

Answer 32

subject to primacy effect and recency effect

Question 33

What is the primacy effect in serial learning?

Answer 33

the first few items in the series are easiest to remember - they have been rehearsed the most times

Question 34

What is the recency effect in serial learning?

Answer 34

the last few items in a series are very easy to remember - less time for decay to occur

Question 35

What is the shape of the serial position curve?

Answer 35

a U shape

Question 36

What is a serial-anticipation learning paradigm?

Answer 36

- a list is taught to a participant - shown back to the participant one item at a time - participant is asked to anticipate/predict the next item in the sequence at each stimulus

Question 37

What is an example of a paired associate learning paradigm?

Answer 37

foreign language learning | each word from the new language is paired with a word from the native language

Question 38

What is free-recall learning?

Answer 38

items are learned, and must be recalled without a cue, but any order is ok much like 'write the 5 parts of a neuron' or similar questions

Question 39

What 7 factors make lists of information easier to learn?

Answer 39

- acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity (item brev &/or list brev) - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to the subject

Question 40

What are the two main theories of forgetting?

Answer 40

- decay theory | - interference theory

Question 41

What is an alternative name for the decay theory of forgetting?

Answer 41

trace theory

Question 42

What are mnemonics?

Answer 42

cues that help learning and recall | eg ocean -> Big Five features of personality

Question 43

What is the main tenet of the generation-recognition model of memory?

Answer 43

that if an individual can generate info (via free recall), then it should be very easy for them to recognize that info

Question 44

What is clustering in memory?

Answer 44

the tendency for the brain to group together similar items in memory, regardless of when they are learned

Question 45

What is incidental learning?

Answer 45

learning of information without the explicit goal of learning them. Eg hanging out with friends who watch football & slowly learning the rules of the game

Question 46

What is a tachtiscope used for?

Answer 46

to present visual material to experimental participants for fractions of a seconds

Question 47

What is the Zeigarnik effect?

Answer 47

the ability to recall uncompleted tasks more easily than completed ones