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GRE Psychology (homemade) > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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0
Q

What type of memory did George Sperling study?

A

iconic memory

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1
Q

what are the three stages of memory?

A

sensory
short term
long term

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2
Q

What stage of memory does iconic memory belong to?

A

sensory memory

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3
Q

In George Sperling’s iconic memory experiment, what was the partial report?

A

1 show several lines of letters for <1 sec
2 tell subjects to write down a part. line
3 subject could report that line of letters, but forgot the others they had seen
4 hence, could partially report the sensory info

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4
Q

Who coined the term icon, as in iconic memory?

A

Ulric Neisser

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5
Q

What type of memory did Ulric Neisser study?

A

iconic memory

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6
Q

In iconic memory, what is an icon?

A

a brief visual memory that lasts about 1 sec

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7
Q

What is backward masking?

A

after showing a brief image, flashing a new pattern that will erase (‘mask’) the first image
can also be auditory in nature

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8
Q

What is the term for auditory sensory memory?

A

echoic memory

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9
Q

Who originally found the magic number 7 (+/- 2) in STM/working memory?

A

George Miller

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10
Q

What is the theorized method by which most items are encoded in STM?

A

phonologically

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11
Q

What are the two categories of rehearsing items in STM?

A

Primary (maintenance)

Secondary (elaborative)

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12
Q

What are the two types of interference of info in STM?

A

proactive

retroactive

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13
Q

What is proactive interference? what does it cause?

A

disruptive/distracting info is presented before the info to be learned
causes proactive inhibition

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14
Q

What is retroactive interference? what does it cause?

A

disruptive/distracting info is presented after the info to be learned
causes retroactive inhibition

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15
Q

What are the three basic ways of assessing LTM?

A

recognition
recall
savings

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16
Q

What are the two main types of recall?

A

cued recall

free recall

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17
Q

What does savings measure of LTM?

A

how long it takes a person to learn the info/task a second time compared to the first time

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18
Q

What is the encoding specificity priciple?

A

the rule that memories are more easily retrieved in in the same context they were formed

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19
Q

Who was the first to study memory systematically?

A

Herman Ebbinghaus

20
Q

Who proposed the forgetting curve?

A

Herman Ebbinghaus

21
Q

What did Frederick Bartlett discover about memory?

A

that it is usually reconstructive

by having people recall a story

22
Q

What hypothesis about memory did Allan Paivio propose?

A

the dual code hypothesis

23
Q

What was the Dual Code hypothesis of memory?

A

That items are best remembered if encoded by both imagery and semantics/understanding

24
Q

What was the theory of learning proposed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart?

A

the depth of processing theory - that more ‘deeply’ processed items will be learned and recalled better

25
Q

What was the behaviorist approach to memory?

A

paired-associate learning. memories are recalled by the cue of one item in the pair

26
Q

What was Elizabeth Loftus’ contribution to the study of memory recall?

A

that reconstructive memory (esp of traumatic events) can be influenced by the phrasing of questions about the event.
-car speed question example

27
Q

Who discovered that memories are stored diffusely in the brain?

A

Karl Lashley

28
Q

What did Karl Lashley discover about LTM?

A

that they are stored diffusely in the brain

29
Q

What did Donald Hebb propose about learning & memory?

A

That it is stored as changes in synaptic connections and neural pathways

30
Q

Who worked on memory research with H.M.?

A

Brenda Milner

31
Q

What is serial learning?

A

learning a sequence of items that can/must be recalled in order

32
Q

What are two key features of serially learned information

A

subject to primacy effect and recency effect

33
Q

What is the primacy effect in serial learning?

A

the first few items in the series are easiest to remember - they have been rehearsed the most times

34
Q

What is the recency effect in serial learning?

A

the last few items in a series are very easy to remember - less time for decay to occur

35
Q

What is the shape of the serial position curve?

A

a U shape

36
Q

What is a serial-anticipation learning paradigm?

A
  • a list is taught to a participant
  • shown back to the participant one item at a time
  • participant is asked to anticipate/predict the next item in the sequence at each stimulus
37
Q

What is an example of a paired associate learning paradigm?

A

foreign language learning

each word from the new language is paired with a word from the native language

38
Q

What is free-recall learning?

A

items are learned, and must be recalled without a cue, but any order is ok
much like ‘write the 5 parts of a neuron’ or similar questions

39
Q

What 7 factors make lists of information easier to learn?

A
  • acoustic dissimilarity
  • semantic dissimilarity
  • brevity (item brev &/or list brev)
  • familiarity
  • concreteness
  • meaning
  • importance to the subject
40
Q

What are the two main theories of forgetting?

A
  • decay theory

- interference theory

41
Q

What is an alternative name for the decay theory of forgetting?

A

trace theory

42
Q

What are mnemonics?

A

cues that help learning and recall

eg ocean -> Big Five features of personality

43
Q

What is the main tenet of the generation-recognition model of memory?

A

that if an individual can generate info (via free recall), then it should be very easy for them to recognize that info

44
Q

What is clustering in memory?

A

the tendency for the brain to group together similar items in memory, regardless of when they are learned

45
Q

What is incidental learning?

A

learning of information without the explicit goal of learning them. Eg hanging out with friends who watch football & slowly learning the rules of the game

46
Q

What is a tachtiscope used for?

A

to present visual material to experimental participants for fractions of a seconds

47
Q

What is the Zeigarnik effect?

A

the ability to recall uncompleted tasks more easily than completed ones

GRE Psychology (homemade) (17 decks)

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