Developmental Psych

Question 0

What are the three stages of human embryonic development?

Answer 0

1 germinal stage
2 embryonic stage
3 fetal stage

Question 1

what is developmental psychology?

Answer 1

the study of changes and transitions that accompany physical growth or maturation

Question 2

what are the five major reflexes of the neonate?

Answer 2

• sucking
• head turning
• Moro
• Babinski
• Palmar

Question 3

What is the Moro reflex?

Answer 3

a neonatal reflex - throwing out the arms and legs, then bringing them together again in response to frightening noises

Question 4

What is the Babinski reflex?

Answer 4

a neonatal reflex - fanning the toes when the bottom of the foot is stroked

Question 5

What is the Palmar reflex?

Answer 5

a neonatal reflex - grasping objects that touch the hand

Question 6

What were the two mechanisms of Piaget’s adaption?

Answer 6

• assimilation

- accommodation

Question 7

What does assimilation mean in terms of developmental psych?

Answer 7

fitting new info into existing ideas and schemas

Question 8

What does accommodation mean in terms of developmental psych?

Answer 8

modifying cognitive schemata to incorporate new information

Question 9

What were Piaget’s 4 stages of development?

Answer 9

• sensorimotor
• pre-operational
• concrete operational
• formal operational

Question 10

What are the four behavior types in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of development?

Answer 10

• reflexive behavior cued by sensations
• circular reactions
• object permanence
• acquiring representation

Question 11

What is a circular reaction?

Answer 11

a repeated behavior intended to manipulate the environment

Question 12

What is object permanence?

Answer 12

knowing an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen

Question 13

What does representation (in the context of sensorimotor stage development) mean?

Answer 13

visualizing or putting words to objects

Question 14

What are the key characteristics of Piaget’s preoperational stage of development?

Answer 14

• rapidly acquiring words & symbols
• egocentric understanding of things
• poor ability to perform mental operations (causality, quantity)

Question 15

What are the key characteristics of Piaget’s concrete operational stage of development?

Answer 15

• understanding of concrete relationships (quantity, simple math)
• understanding conservation of quantity

Question 16

What are the key characteristics of Piaget’s formal operational stage of development?

Answer 16

understanding abstract relationships such as logic, ratios, and values

Question 17

What did Piaget hypothesize about language development?

Answer 17

that it was dependent on the cognitive stage of the child

Question 18

Whose research called into question Piaget’s theory on the cognitive abilities of young children?

Answer 18

Rochel Gelman

Question 19

What did Rochel Gelman’s research demonstrate about the cognitive abilities of young children?

Answer 19

preschoolers can work with quantities and ideas such as small sets of objects

Question 20

What were Piaget’s three stages of moral development?

Answer 20

1 imitates rule-following behavior and does not question rules
2 understands rules and follows them
3 applies abstract thinking to rules and can agree to change rules

Question 21

What were Freud’s 5 stages of development?

Answer 21

• oral
• anal
• phallic
• latency
• genital

Question 22

Whose theory of moral development is the most prominent?

Answer 22

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 23

How many stages of moral development did Lawrence Kholberg describe?

Answer 23

3

Question 24

What were the three stages of moral development described by Kohlberg?

Answer 24

1 Preconventional/premoral 2 Conventional/morality of conformity 3 Postconventional/ morality of self accepted principles

Question 25

What are the 2 levels of preconventional morality?

Answer 25

1 should avoid punishment | 2 should gain rewards

Question 26

What are the 2 levels of conventional morality?

Answer 26

3 should gain approval | 4 should follow law and authority

Question 27

What are the 2 levels of postconventional morality?

Answer 27

5 beyond black and white of laws, attentive to rights and social welfare 6 make decisions based on abstract ethical principles

Question 28

Why did Carol Gilligan object to Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Answer 28

She felt they were biased towards a male 'rule/law' based approach, and that females' morality is based more on compassion

Question 29

How many stages of psychosocial development did Erik Erikson propose?

Answer 29

8

Question 30

Where did the term 'identity crisis' come from?

Answer 30

Erikson's description of the teen years as focusing on a crisis of identity, with the teen needing to form a sense of self

Question 31

What did John Bowlby's research focus on?

Answer 31

Mother-infant attachment

Question 32

Why do infants attach to their mothers, according to John Bowlby?

Answer 32

- positive reasons (wanting closeness) | - negative reasons (avoiding fear)

Question 33

What did Mary Ainsworth's research focus on?

Answer 33

mother-infant attachment styles

Question 34

What famous experiment did Mary Ainsworth develop to study infant development?

Answer 34

the 'Strange Situation'

Question 35

In the Strange Situation experiment, what were two main causes of crying in the infants?

Answer 35

- When a stranger (researcher) entered the room (stranger anxiety) - when their mother left the room (separation anxiety)

Question 36

What are the three types of attachment strategies in infants Mary Ainsworth described?

Answer 36

Securely attached Ambivalently attached Avoidant

Question 37

How did securely attached vs insecurely attached infants differ in behavior in the Strange Situation experiment?

Answer 37

securely attached infants more readily explored the environment

Question 38

What were the behaviors of the insecurely attached infants in the Strange Situation experiment when their mother's tried to comfort them?

Answer 38

Ambivalent- ignored or avoided mother | Avoidant - kicked or squirmed away

Question 39

What was the focus of Diana Baumrind's research?

Answer 39

the effect of parenting style on personality development

Question 40

What were the three main parenting styles described by Diana Baumrind?

Answer 40

Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative

Question 41

What are the characteristics of an Authoritarian parent?

Answer 41

demanding, unaffectionate, and strict attitude

Question 42

What are the characteristics of a Permissive parent?

Answer 42

affectionate and lax

Question 43

What are the characteristics of an Authoritative parent?

Answer 43

affectionate, firm but fair on rules

Question 44

What did John B Watson theorize about the development of children?

Answer 44

that they learned passively by imitating their parents (behaviorist approach)

Question 45

What did Arnold Gessel theorize about childhood development?

Answer 45

that nature provided a 'blueprint' for development, and that the environment of maturation filled in the details