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GRE Psychology (homemade) > Developmental Psych > Flashcards

Developmental Psych Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the three stages of human embryonic development?

A

1 germinal stage
2 embryonic stage
3 fetal stage

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1
Q

what is developmental psychology?

A

the study of changes and transitions that accompany physical growth or maturation

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2
Q

what are the five major reflexes of the neonate?

A
  • sucking
  • head turning
  • Moro
  • Babinski
  • Palmar
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3
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

a neonatal reflex - throwing out the arms and legs, then bringing them together again in response to frightening noises

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4
Q

What is the Babinski reflex?

A

a neonatal reflex - fanning the toes when the bottom of the foot is stroked

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5
Q

What is the Palmar reflex?

A

a neonatal reflex - grasping objects that touch the hand

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6
Q

What were the two mechanisms of Piaget’s adaption?

A
  • assimilation

- accommodation

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7
Q

What does assimilation mean in terms of developmental psych?

A

fitting new info into existing ideas and schemas

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8
Q

What does accommodation mean in terms of developmental psych?

A

modifying cognitive schemata to incorporate new information

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9
Q

What were Piaget’s 4 stages of development?

A
  • sensorimotor
  • pre-operational
  • concrete operational
  • formal operational
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10
Q

What are the four behavior types in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of development?

A
  • reflexive behavior cued by sensations
  • circular reactions
  • object permanence
  • acquiring representation
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11
Q

What is a circular reaction?

A

a repeated behavior intended to manipulate the environment

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12
Q

What is object permanence?

A

knowing an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen

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13
Q

What does representation (in the context of sensorimotor stage development) mean?

A

visualizing or putting words to objects

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14
Q

What are the key characteristics of Piaget’s preoperational stage of development?

A
  • rapidly acquiring words & symbols
  • egocentric understanding of things
  • poor ability to perform mental operations (causality, quantity)
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15
Q

What are the key characteristics of Piaget’s concrete operational stage of development?

A
  • understanding of concrete relationships (quantity, simple math)
  • understanding conservation of quantity
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16
Q

What are the key characteristics of Piaget’s formal operational stage of development?

A

understanding abstract relationships such as logic, ratios, and values

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17
Q

What did Piaget hypothesize about language development?

A

that it was dependent on the cognitive stage of the child

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18
Q

Whose research called into question Piaget’s theory on the cognitive abilities of young children?

A

Rochel Gelman

19
Q

What did Rochel Gelman’s research demonstrate about the cognitive abilities of young children?

A

preschoolers can work with quantities and ideas such as small sets of objects

20
Q

What were Piaget’s three stages of moral development?

A

1 imitates rule-following behavior and does not question rules
2 understands rules and follows them
3 applies abstract thinking to rules and can agree to change rules

21
Q

What were Freud’s 5 stages of development?

A
  • oral
  • anal
  • phallic
  • latency
  • genital
22
Q

Whose theory of moral development is the most prominent?

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

23
Q

How many stages of moral development did Lawrence Kholberg describe?

A

3

24
Q

What were the three stages of moral development described by Kohlberg?

A

1 Preconventional/premoral
2 Conventional/morality of conformity
3 Postconventional/ morality of self accepted principles

25
Q

What are the 2 levels of preconventional morality?

A

1 should avoid punishment

2 should gain rewards

26
Q

What are the 2 levels of conventional morality?

A

3 should gain approval

4 should follow law and authority

27
Q

What are the 2 levels of postconventional morality?

A

5 beyond black and white of laws, attentive to rights and social welfare
6 make decisions based on abstract ethical principles

28
Q

Why did Carol Gilligan object to Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

A

She felt they were biased towards a male ‘rule/law’ based approach, and that females’ morality is based more on compassion

29
Q

How many stages of psychosocial development did Erik Erikson propose?

A

8

30
Q

Where did the term ‘identity crisis’ come from?

A

Erikson’s description of the teen years as focusing on a crisis of identity, with the teen needing to form a sense of self

31
Q

What did John Bowlby’s research focus on?

A

Mother-infant attachment

32
Q

Why do infants attach to their mothers, according to John Bowlby?

A
  • positive reasons (wanting closeness)

- negative reasons (avoiding fear)

33
Q

What did Mary Ainsworth’s research focus on?

A

mother-infant attachment styles

34
Q

What famous experiment did Mary Ainsworth develop to study infant development?

A

the ‘Strange Situation’

35
Q

In the Strange Situation experiment, what were two main causes of crying in the infants?

A
  • When a stranger (researcher) entered the room (stranger anxiety)
  • when their mother left the room (separation anxiety)
36
Q

What are the three types of attachment strategies in infants Mary Ainsworth described?

A

Securely attached
Ambivalently attached
Avoidant

37
Q

How did securely attached vs insecurely attached infants differ in behavior in the Strange Situation experiment?

A

securely attached infants more readily explored the environment

38
Q

What were the behaviors of the insecurely attached infants in the Strange Situation experiment when their mother’s tried to comfort them?

A

Ambivalent- ignored or avoided mother

Avoidant - kicked or squirmed away

39
Q

What was the focus of Diana Baumrind’s research?

A

the effect of parenting style on personality development

40
Q

What were the three main parenting styles described by Diana Baumrind?

A

Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative

41
Q

What are the characteristics of an Authoritarian parent?

A

demanding, unaffectionate, and strict attitude

42
Q

What are the characteristics of a Permissive parent?

A

affectionate and lax

43
Q

What are the characteristics of an Authoritative parent?

A

affectionate, firm but fair on rules

44
Q

What did John B Watson theorize about the development of children?

A

that they learned passively by imitating their parents (behaviorist approach)

45
Q

What did Arnold Gessel theorize about childhood development?

A

that nature provided a ‘blueprint’ for development, and that the environment of maturation filled in the details

GRE Psychology (homemade) (17 decks)

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