social influences Flashcards
3 types of conformity
- compliance
- identification
- internalisation
compliance
to publicly agree and temporarily change behaviour but privately disagree
identification
change of behaviour to conform to a role or a group identity, but no private change
internalisation
change of behaviour to fit into a group, publicly and privately
normative
the need to be liked
informational
wanting to be right which is deeper and long lasting
Asch
- 1951
- 1 participant and 5 confederates
- asked to compare lines
- confederates gave wrong answer 12/18 times
- 75% conformed at least once
Asch’s variations
- privacy test (reduced)
- another disagreeing person (reduced)
- task difficulty (increase)
Asch’s evaluation
- androcentric
- lacks ecological validity
- lacks temporal validity
- sample size too small
Crutchfield
- 1955
- participants in booths asked question and responds with light
- can see all the other lights that are rigged to be wrong
- 30% of participants conformed
demand characterstics
changing behaviour to perform well or wreck the experiment
Perrin and Spencer
- 1980
- 1/396 trials conformed
- replication of Asch’s study
empircism
evidence gained through observation and experiment
independent variable
what you change
dependent variable
what you measure
Milgram
- memory experiment to be the teacher
- ‘student’ answers questions and wrong answers are shocked
- 100% went to 350v
- 65% went to 400v
directional hypothesis
when the outcome/ effect is stated
non directional hypothesis
the outcome is unknown
ethical guidelines
Deception Protection from harm Right to withdraw Debrief Informed consent Confidentiality
agentic shift/state
giving orders and not being responsible for the actions
Milgrams variations
- instructing someone else (increase)
- change of location (decrease)
- force their hand (decrease)
- uniform (decrease)
Zimbardo
- stanford prison experiment
- randomly assigned roles and given uniforms
- stopped after 6 days due to psychological distress
- prisoners rebelled against harsh treatment and were punished and turn on each other
operationalisation
making something specific to the context you want to use it in
Bickman
- 1974
- field experiment on men in uniform asking people to do small tasks
- 89% for guard
- 57% for milkman
- 33% for plain clothes
locus of control
the extent to which we believe we have control over our own lives and actions
internal control
belief that we decide our own destiny
external control
everything is already predetermined
Hofling
- 1966
- natural experiment
- fake doctor asks for fake drug with extreme dosage
- 21/22 did it
Rank and Jacobsen
- 1977
- known doctor asks to give 3x dosage of valium
- nurses consult with other nurses
- 2/18 did it
Elms and Milgram
- 1966
- gave personality questionnaires and F scale tests
- asked about childhood and relationships
- less close to father and higher F scale scores was correlated to obedient participants
factors to be influential as a minority
consistent, committed, flexible
Moscovici
- 1969
- participants have to say the colour of slides
- consistent and inconsistent confederates give wrong answers
- consistent 8.5% conformed overall
- inconsistent 1.25% conformed overall
gynocentric
focuses on women
practice effects
getting bored/ better at the test
Wood
- 1994
- meta analysis of 100 studies shows correlational relationship between consistency and minority influence
diachronic
consistency over time
synchronic
consistency between members
Nemeth
- 1987
- talking about compensation for someone in a ski life accident
- fixed minority had no effect
- flexible minority was influential
evaluation of Asch
- artificial situation and task
- limited application as it was androcentric of American men
- ethical issues
evaluation of Milgram
- low internal validity
- findings generalise to other situations (external validity)
- ethical issues
