social influences

Question 1

3 types of conformity

Answer 1

• compliance
• identification
• internalisation

Question 2

compliance

Answer 2

to publicly agree and temporarily change behaviour but privately disagree

Question 3

identification

Answer 3

change of behaviour to conform to a role or a group identity, but no private change

Question 4

internalisation

Answer 4

change of behaviour to fit into a group, publicly and privately

Question 5

normative

Answer 5

the need to be liked

Question 6

informational

Answer 6

wanting to be right which is deeper and long lasting

Question 7

Asch

Answer 7

• 1951
• 1 participant and 5 confederates
• asked to compare lines
• confederates gave wrong answer 12/18 times
• 75% conformed at least once

Question 8

Asch’s variations

Answer 8

• privacy test (reduced)
• another disagreeing person (reduced)
• task difficulty (increase)

Question 9

Asch’s evaluation

Answer 9

• androcentric
• lacks ecological validity
• lacks temporal validity
• sample size too small

Question 10

Crutchfield

Answer 10

• 1955
• participants in booths asked question and responds with light
• can see all the other lights that are rigged to be wrong
• 30% of participants conformed

Question 11

demand characterstics

Answer 11

changing behaviour to perform well or wreck the experiment

Question 12

Perrin and Spencer

Answer 12

• 1980
• 1/396 trials conformed
• replication of Asch’s study

Question 13

empircism

Answer 13

evidence gained through observation and experiment

Question 14

independent variable

Answer 14

what you change

Question 15

dependent variable

Answer 15

what you measure

Question 16

Milgram

Answer 16

• memory experiment to be the teacher
• ‘student’ answers questions and wrong answers are shocked
• 100% went to 350v
• 65% went to 400v

Question 17

directional hypothesis

Answer 17

when the outcome/ effect is stated

Question 18

non directional hypothesis

Answer 18

the outcome is unknown

Question 19

ethical guidelines

Answer 19

Deception
Protection from harm
Right to withdraw
Debrief
Informed consent
Confidentiality

Question 20

agentic shift/state

Answer 20

giving orders and not being responsible for the actions

Question 21

Milgrams variations

Answer 21

• instructing someone else (increase)
• change of location (decrease)
• force their hand (decrease)
• uniform (decrease)

Question 22

Zimbardo

Answer 22

• stanford prison experiment
• randomly assigned roles and given uniforms
• stopped after 6 days due to psychological distress
• prisoners rebelled against harsh treatment and were punished and turn on each other

Question 23

operationalisation

Answer 23

making something specific to the context you want to use it in

Question 24

Bickman

Answer 24

• 1974
• field experiment on men in uniform asking people to do small tasks
• 89% for guard
• 57% for milkman
• 33% for plain clothes

Question 25

locus of control

Answer 25

the extent to which we believe we have control over our own lives and actions

Question 26

internal control

Answer 26

belief that we decide our own destiny

Question 27

external control

Answer 27

everything is already predetermined

Question 28

Hofling

Answer 28

• 1966
• natural experiment
• fake doctor asks for fake drug with extreme dosage
• 21/22 did it

Question 29

Rank and Jacobsen

Answer 29

• 1977
• known doctor asks to give 3x dosage of valium
• nurses consult with other nurses
• 2/18 did it

Question 30

Elms and Milgram

Answer 30

• 1966
• gave personality questionnaires and F scale tests
• asked about childhood and relationships
• less close to father and higher F scale scores was correlated to obedient participants

Question 31

factors to be influential as a minority

Answer 31

consistent, committed, flexible

Question 32

Moscovici

Answer 32

• 1969
• participants have to say the colour of slides
• consistent and inconsistent confederates give wrong answers
• consistent 8.5% conformed overall
• inconsistent 1.25% conformed overall

Question 33

gynocentric

Answer 33

focuses on women

Question 34

practice effects

Answer 34

getting bored/ better at the test

Question 35

Wood

Answer 35

• 1994

- meta analysis of 100 studies shows correlational relationship between consistency and minority influence

Question 36

diachronic

Answer 36

consistency over time

Question 37

synchronic

Answer 37

consistency between members

Question 38

Nemeth

Answer 38

• 1987
• talking about compensation for someone in a ski life accident
• fixed minority had no effect
• flexible minority was influential

Question 39

evaluation of Asch

Answer 39

• artificial situation and task
• limited application as it was androcentric of American men
• ethical issues

Question 40

evaluation of Milgram

Answer 40

• low internal validity
• findings generalise to other situations (external validity)
• ethical issues