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attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning through association

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2
Q

generalisation

A

generalising the conditioned response to any stimulus

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3
Q

Watson and Raynor

A
  • gave a baby different animals, like a rat and dog etc
  • made a loud noise when the baby went to touch the animals
  • baby associated fear with the animals
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4
Q

Dollars and Miller

A

babies associate happiness with parents, as they tend to their needs, so they become attached

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5
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning through consequences

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6
Q

reinforcers

A

make it more likely to occur

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7
Q

punishers

A

make it less likely to occur

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8
Q

positive

A

is when something is added

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9
Q

negative

A

is when something is taken away

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10
Q

Skinner

A

Rats in a cage have a lever which they press to get food, but abandon the behaviour when no more food comes

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11
Q

extinction

A

abandoning behaviour when its no longer rewarding

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12
Q

secure attachment

A

a caregiver meets their needs, is emotionally avaliable and supportive

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13
Q

insecure resistant

A

a caregiver was there inconsistently and was often unable to meet their needs

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14
Q

insecure avoidant

A

caregivers were neglectful and unresponsive and children had to look after themselves

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15
Q

Strange Situation

A
  • ainsworth 1970

- 100 middle class infants aged between 9-18 months from America

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16
Q

disorganised attachment

A

isn’t secure and takes elements from each type

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17
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

demand characteristics for observations

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18
Q

stranger anxiety

A 
secure = avoids stranger when alone
resistant = avoids stranger all the time
avoidant = interacts normally
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19
Q

separation anxiety

A 
secure = distressed
resistant = very distressed
avoidant = no reaction
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20
Q

reunion behaviour

A 
secure = easily comforted
resistant = isn’t easily comforted
avoidant = no reaction
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21
Q

explorative behaviour

A 
secure = explores but uses mother as a safe base
resistant = won’t explore
avoidant = independent
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22
Q

Ijzendoorn and Krooneberg

A
  • meta analysis of 32 strange situations over 8 cultures
  • secure attachment is the most common type
  • Germany = avoidant
  • Japan = resistant
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23
Q

Takahashi

A
  • strange situation with 60 middle class japanese families
  • had to be stopped early as it was unethical
  • no avoidant
  • 32% insecure
24
Q

Jin

A

conducted in Korea, found that children were mostly secure, more insecure resistant and only one was avoidant

25
Q

Harlow

A
  • 1959
  • monkeys raised with cloth and wire mothers
  • wire mothers fed them
  • seeks comfort and spent all the time with cloth mother
26
Q

Lorenz

A
  • 1935
  • hatched geese and spent all the time with them
  • they followed him around and saw him as a mother
27
Q

critical period

A
  • 2 years

- the set amount of time a baby imprints on someone in

28
Q

Schaffer and Emerson (stat)

A

37% of babies formed their first attachment with somebody other than who fed them

29
Q

overt

A

participants are aware and have consented

30
Q

covert

A

don’t know they’re being observed

31
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing participants in natural settings, with high ecological validity

32
Q

participant observation

A

observer participates in a cultural tradition or new social group

33
Q

controlled observation

A

takes place with selected participants

34
Q

event sampling

A

recording every time you see a certain behaviour

35
Q

time sampling

A

different time intervals decide when you observe

36
Q

instantaneous sampling

A

already know the time and place to observe

37
Q

content analysis

A

turning qualitative data in quantitative data

38
Q

Schaffer and Emerson

A
  • 1964
  • 60 babies from Glasgow for the first 18 months of their lives
  • attachments made with carers who were sensitive to their signals
39
Q

Asocial stage

A

0-6 weeks

similar responses to objects and people

40
Q

indiscriminate attachment

A

6 weeks - 6 months

able to distinguish between people and has stranger anxiety

41
Q

discriminate attachments

A

7 months +

shows a preference for one care giver and looks to people for security and comfort

42
Q

multiple attachment

A

10 months +

attachments towards several people

43
Q

attrition

A

sample gets worn down over time

44
Q

Meltzoff and Moore

A
  • 1977
  • 2/3 week old infants mimicking facial and hand gestures
  • supports monotropic attachment
45
Q

Murray and Trevathen

A
  • 1985
  • they showed 2 month old infants their mothers via a video call
  • played them pre recording
46
Q

law of accumulated separation

A

no amount of separation is right for a child (Bowlby)

47
Q

44 thieves study

A
  • Bowlby 1944
  • tested IQ and emotional attitudes of 44 thieves and children with emotional problems
  • social workers interviewed a parent about childs early life
48
Q

44 thieves findings

A
  • more than half of thieves had been separated from mothers for more than 6 months during first 5 years
  • 14 thieves were affection less psychopaths
49
Q

affectionless psychopathy

A

a lack of emotional development leading to lack of concern for others, guilt and inability to form relationships

50
Q

Rutter et al

A
  • 2007
  • 165 orphans in the uk
  • children adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment
  • adopted before 6 months caught up before age 4
51
Q

3 stages of monotropic attachment

A
  • monotropy
  • social releasers
  • internal working model
52
Q

Peter Smith (1998)

A

used questionnaires on 196 children aged 7-11 in London and found secure were unlikely to be involved, avoidant were the victims and resistance were the bulies

53
Q

Gerard McCarthy (1999)

A

studied 40 women who had been assessed when they were infants and found secure and the best relationships, avoidant struggled to maintain friendships and avoidant struggled with intimicay

54
Q

Hazan and Shaver (1987)

A

analysed 620 replies to a love quiz asking questions about current relationships, general experiences and what best describes their feelings

  • secure had long lasting romantic relationships
  • avoidant were jealous and had a fear of intimacy
55
Q

Zimmerman (2000)

A

assessed infant attachment type and adolescent attachment to parents and found no relationship between the quality of attachment

Psychology (10 decks)

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