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Psychology > schizophrenia > Flashcards

schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

DSM-V

A

used in the USA and contains only psychological diagnostic criteria and may be influenced by pharmaceutical companies

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2
Q

ICD-10

A

was created by WHO and used in Europe and covers medial and psychological criteria

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3
Q

construct reliability

A

how well something tests or measures the phenomenon it intends to measure

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4
Q

comorbidity

A

2 or more disorders occur together

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5
Q

criterion validity

A

how well does a new test or measure correlate with existing ones
this is subdivided into predictive, concurrent and retrospective validity (past,present,future)

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6
Q

schizophrenia

A
  • 24-55 million people worldwide
  • has positive and negative symptoms
  • 2 or more symptoms must be present for more than 1 month
  • it must reduce social functioning
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7
Q

positive symptoms definition

A

things that are absent in neurotypical people and are only considered by the DSM-V

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8
Q

negative symptoms definition

A

things that people experience that are absent in schizophrenia and are only considered by the ICD-10

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9
Q

positive symptoms

A
  • hallucinations
  • delusions
  • psychomotor disturbances
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10
Q

hallucinations

A

auditory or visual perceptions that aren’t real, typically characterised by hearing voices that give instructions

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11
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs that are generally either paranoia or delusions of being an important or god-like figure

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12
Q

psychomotor disturbances

A

twitches, rocking motions, repetitive behaviours as well as catatonia - staying in the same position for ages

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13
Q

negative symptoms

A
  • thought disorders
  • broadcasting
  • alogia
  • avolition
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14
Q

thought disorders

A

a person makes illogical jumps in reasoning or a topic that doesn’t have a clear line or thinking

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15
Q

broadcasting

A

a person believes their thoughts are audible to others through radio or over tv

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16
Q

alogia

A

speech poverty, where correct words are used, but with little meaning

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17
Q

avolition

A

a lack of desire and total apathy

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18
Q

Scheff (1966)

A

even suggest that the diagnosis may lead to a self-fulling prophecy due to labelling

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19
Q

Slater and Roth (1969)

A

suggest that hallucinations are the least important symptom as they are present in many other disorders

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20
Q

Luhrmann and Marrow (2016)

A

have demonstrated that experience of hallucinations is culturally relative, with those in India and Africa much more likely to hear familiar voices than those in the USA

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21
Q

Gottesman (1991)

A

MZ twins have a concordance rate of 48% vs 27% of DZ twins

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22
Q

Benzel et al (2007)

A

candidate genes DRD4, ATK1 and COMT have been linked to a dopamine excess in specific D2 receptors, which lead to positive symptoms

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23
Q

Kendler (1985)

A

direct relatives are 18 times more likely to develop schizophrenia

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24
Q

polygenic

A

a disorder caused by lots of genes

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25
Q

Ellman (2010)

A

immune responses to flu during pregnancy makes the foetus 1.5 to 7 times more likely to develop schizophrenia

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26
Q

evaluation of biological approach

A
  • hard to separate nature and nurture
  • twins aren’t representative
  • family upbringings are different
  • criterion validity
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27
Q

dopamine

A

is en excitatory neuron that encourages neurons to fire and transmit messages and high release of this leads to hallucinations

28
Q

Falkai (1988)

A

higher dopamine is in the left amygdalae (the break peddle)

29
Q

Owens (1978)

A

higher dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen

30
Q

the first dopamine hypothesis

A

existing dopamine receptors are simply doing too much

31
Q

the second dopamine hypothesis

A

there are too many receptors that fire at a regular rate

32
Q

Noll (2009)

A

about 1/3 of patients didn’t respond to dopamine-blocking medication

33
Q

neural correlates

A

patterns of activity or structural trends that occur in conjuction with schizophrenia

34
Q

Torrey (2002)

A

found that the ventricles, which are fluid filled cavities that supply nutrients and remove waste, were 15% larger in someone with schizophrenia

35
Q

Suddath et al (1990)

A

MRI research of MZ twins found that 12/15 twins could be identified as schizophrenic based on enlarged ventricles

36
Q

Laing

A

rejects the idea that schizophrenia is medical and is a response to social pressures, interactions and family dynamics

37
Q

Bateson (1956)

A

children who receive contradictory messages from their parents more frequently are more likely to develop schizophrenia
e.g. parents who are critical but appear friendly

38
Q

family affects

A
  • prolonged exposure to contradictory environments prevents children from being able to create an accurate reality
  • over time this manifests as a flattening effect, delusions, hallucinations and incoherent speech
39
Q

Brown (1958)

A

patients returning to families with high negative emotional climate have higher rates of relapse

40
Q

narcissist

A

consider themselves a victim/hero and the attention must be them, expects for normal parental duties

41
Q

enabler

A

considered the good parent and very co-dependent so remains loyal and will downplay their partners behaviour

42
Q

scapegoat

A

acts out and verbalises problems that the family tries to cover up, so the narcissist projects their rage onto this child

43
Q

golden child

A

narcissist projects their best qualities onto this child and they receive whatever they want

44
Q

Mischeler and Waxler (1968)

A

found significant differences in the way mothers spoken to their schizophrenic daughters compared to their other daughters, which suggests dysfunctional communication may be a result of it, not a cause

45
Q

cognitive models

A

focus on information processing deficits and biases in perception, attention and memory

46
Q

information processing deficits

A
  • difficulty processing visual and auditory information
  • difficulty in understanding others’ behaviours
  • emotional expression, language and perception of reality
47
Q

Yellowless (2002)

A

developed a machine that produces hallucinations to demonstrate to patients that they are not real

48
Q

history of treatments

A

1930’s - insulin shock therapies forced convulsions and put people into comas
after 1930’s - lobotomys were used for every mental illnesss

49
Q

thorazine

A
  • the most famous and typical antipsychotic
  • came around in the 1950’s
  • dampen positive symptoms by blocking all dopamine receptors
50
Q

side effects of thorazine

A
  • 5 times more likely to gain weight
  • 2 times more likely to get Parkinsons
  • 3 times more likely to have decreased blood pressure
51
Q

atypical antipsychotics

A
  • developed in the 1990’s
  • risperidone is an example
  • these bind to dopamine, serotonin and glutamate receptors
  • help with negative symptoms
52
Q

Crossley (2010)

A

atypical antipsychotics aren’t more effective but do have less side effects

53
Q

Le Blanc (2005)

A

effective in treating aggression and conduct disorders in young boys

54
Q

aims of family therapy

A
  • improves communication and reduces negative expressed emotions
  • educate the family
  • share effective management strategies
55
Q

steps of family therapy

A
  1. preliminary analysis - family are observed and weaknesses are found
  2. information transfer - education about the disorder and risk factors
  3. communication skills training - teaching parents to listen and communicate properly
56
Q

Anderson et al

A
  • 40% relapse rate with just drugs
  • 20% with just family therapy
  • less than 5% with both
57
Q

Pharoah et al

A

meta-analysis found that family interventions helped the patient understand and deal with their illness better, which reduced relapse rates

58
Q

token economy

A

is a form of managing, rather than treating, which uses operant conditioning and secondary reinforcers

59
Q

Paul and Lentz

A

token economy led to better overall patient functioning and less behavioural disturbance

60
Q

steps of CBT

A
  1. assessment
  2. engagement
  3. ABC model
  4. normalisation
  5. critical collaborative analysis
61
Q

Turkington et al

A

suggests CBT is very effective and should be the mainstream treatment

62
Q

Zubin and Spring

A

a vulnerability can be present from birth and triggered by everyday stress, but coping mechanisms, support networks and resources can be protective factors

63
Q

Brown and Birley

A

50% people who had an acute schizophrenia episode had experienced a major life event in the 3 weeks prior

64
Q

Bentall

A

meta-analysed research into childhood abuse and found it increases the risk of developing schizophrenia

65
Q

Fox

A

found that poverty or deprivation in lifestyle can cause the disorder

Psychology (10 decks)

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