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research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

4 types of study

A

lab, field, quasi and natural

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2
Q

empiricism

A

evidence gained through observation and experiment

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3
Q

independent variable

A

is what you change

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4
Q

dependent variable

A

is what you measure

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5
Q

falsifiable

A

hypothesis you can test and prove right or wrong

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6
Q

advantages of lab experiments

A
  • high control over variables
  • high internal validity
  • easier to replicate (reliable)
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7
Q

disadvantages of lab experiments

A
  • lack generalisability
  • low ecological validity
  • demand characteristics
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8
Q

advantage of field experiments

A
  • more valid and authentic

- high external validity

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9
Q

disadvantages of field experiments

A
  • loss of control over variables

- ethical issues (consent)

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10
Q

advantages of natural experiments

A
  • provide new opportunities for research

- high external validity

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11
Q

disadvantages of natural experiments

A
  • very rarely have the opportunity

- no generalisibility

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12
Q

independent measures

A

when a participant is tested once in one condition of the experiment

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13
Q

advantages of independent measures

A
  • avoids order effect

- reduce demand characteristics

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14
Q

disadvantages of independent measures

A
  • more people are needed

- variables between participants

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15
Q

repeated measures

A

the same participants are allocated to all groups so get tested in all conditions

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16
Q

advantages of repeated measures

A
  • no individual differences

- less participants needed

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17
Q

disadvantages of repeated measures

A
  • order effects

- different tests and materials are needed

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18
Q

matched pairs

A

participants take part in one condition then are matched with someone similar to do the other conditions

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19
Q

advantages of matched pairs

A
  • no order effects

- same tests and materials can be used

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20
Q

disadvantages of matched pairs

A
  • some participant variables

- matching is hard and time consuming

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21
Q

random sampling

A

simple, systematic, stratified

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22
Q

non random sampling

A

opportunity, quota, snowball

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23
Q

simple random

A

randomly selecting people from a list of names

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24
Q

systematic random

A

numbering participants and picking them at set intervals

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25
Q

stratified random

A

dividing the group into smaller sections which reflect the proportions of the target population

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26
Q

opportunity sampling

A

selecting people who are willing to take part

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27
Q

volunteer sampling

A

participants select themselves to be involved

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28
Q

+/- simple random

A

+ no researcher bias

- not representative

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29
Q

+/- systematic sampling

A

+ no researcher bias

+ quite representative

30
Q

+/- stratified

A

+ representative

- could have researcher bias

31
Q

+/- opportunity

A

+ less time and money

- researcher bias

32
Q

+/- volunteer

A

+ minimal effort

- volunteer bias

33
Q

ethical issues

A 
Deception
Protection from harm
Right to withdraw
Debrief
Informed consent
Confidentiality
34
Q

pilot studies

A

are test runs of the research to help the researcher identify any issues

35
Q

overt non participant observation

A

openly observing peoples behaviour with consent

36
Q

covert non participant observation

A

observing people who are unaware they’re being observed

37
Q

overt participant observation

A

being involved with the participant while observing them with consent

38
Q

covert participant observation

A

being involved with the participant but not telling them you’re observing them

39
Q

controlled observation

A

certain aspects of the observation are controlled (Strange Situation)

40
Q

event sampling

A

counting the number of times a particular behaviour occurs

41
Q

time sampling

A

recording behaviour within a pre-established time frame

42
Q

advantages of structured interview

A
  • standardised data
  • easy to compare respondents
  • easy to replicate
  • large numbers
  • quick and cheap
43
Q

disadvantages of structured interview

A
  • lack validity
  • lack depth
  • lack flexibility
  • the same question could be interpreted differently
44
Q

advantages of unstructured interview

A
  • validity and depth
  • better understanding respondents
  • leads to new ideas
  • reduced interviewer effect
45
Q

disadvantages of unstructured interview

A
  • less standardised
  • less reliable
  • more time and money
  • avoid cherry picking information to fit hypothesis
46
Q

advantages of questionnaires

A
  • collect information from a lot of people
  • can use all types of questions
  • identifies correlations
  • representative and reliable
47
Q

disadvantages of questionnaires

A
  • closed and graded limit response

- may lack validity ( demand characteristics)

48
Q

likert scale

A

respondent indicates their agreement with a statement on a scale of usually 5 points

49
Q

normal distribution

A

a bell shaped curve on a graph

50
Q

positive skew

A

most of the distribution is towards the left of the graph

51
Q

negative skew

A

most of the distribution is towards the right of the graph

52
Q

directional hypotheses

A

the researcher makes clear the different that is anticipated between 2 conditions

53
Q

non directional hypotheses

A

simply states there’s a difference between conditions or groups, but the nature of it is not specified

54
Q

extraneous variables

A

other variables that might potentially interfere with the independent or dependent variable

55
Q

randomisation

A

the use of chance to reduce the researchers influence in the investigation

56
Q

quasi experiment

A

have an independent variable based on existing difference between people (age, gender)
+ controlled lab experiments
- confounding variables

57
Q

single-blind procedure

A

the participants are unaware of the experiment aims

58
Q

double-blind procedure

A

the researcher and participant are both unaware of the experiment aims

59
Q

behavioural categories

A

a target behaviour is broken up into components that are measurable

60
Q

co-variable

A

the variables investigated within a correlation

61
Q

positive correlation

A

as one co-variable increases, so does the other

62
Q

negative correlation

A

as one co-variable increases, the other one decreases

63
Q

measures of central tendency

A

are averages which give information about the most typical values in a set of data

64
Q

types of graph

A

bar, scattergram, histogram

65
Q

percentages

A

certain number / total number x 100

66
Q

decimal

A

remove the % sign and move the decimal point 2 places to the left

67
Q

fraction

A

the number of decimal places is the number of zeros to divide by

68
Q

the critical value

A
  1. the significance level (0.05)
  2. the number of participants
  3. directional or non directional hypotheses
69
Q

sign test 1

A

subtract the 2nd column from the 1st column to find the sign of difference (+/-)

70
Q

sign test 2

A

calculate the total number of + and - and the less frequent one is S

71
Q

sign test 3

A

the calculated value of S must be less than/equal to the critical value

Psychology (10 decks)

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