approaches Flashcards
classical conditioning
learning through association
operant condition
learning through consequences
unconditioned stimulus
something which naturally causes a response
unconditional response
a natural reaction to a stimulus
neutral stimulus
doesn’t initially cause a response
conditioned stimulus
stimulus that now has the same response as a UCS
conditioned response
conditioned reaction to a stimulus
positive reinforcement
behaviour causes a good consequence so it will be repeated
negative reinforcement
behaviour removes something bad so its repeated
positive punishment
a bad consequence caused by the behaviour so it won’t be repeated
negative punishment
a behaviour causes a bad consequence so something good is removed so it won’t be repeated
identification
associating with a model
model
the person demonstrating desired behaviour/qualities
vicarious reinforcement
duplicate behaviours for which others are being rewarded
reproduction/imitation
an act of copying someones behaviour
direct reinforcement
performing a certain behaviour and being rewarded
mental representation
the expectation of the outcome of new behaviour
Bandura
- bobo doll
- 1961
- all kids copied the action
- more closely copied the same sex
cognitive approach
how our mental processes affect behaviour
schema
mental framework of beliefs and expectations developed from experience
human - computer analogy
information flows through the cognitive system in a sequence like a computer
PET scans
radioactive tracer is injected into the body and certain organs will absorb it, it collects in areas of higher chemical activity which will show up as bright spots on the scan
fMRi
a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create an image of the brain, also showing blood flow to show which parts are being stimulated
biological approach
combines psychology and biology to provide explanations for human behaviour
genotype
particular set of genes a person possesses
phenotype
the way the genes are expressed through physical, behaviour and psychological characterstics
William Wundt
was the first psychologist and studied the human mind through introspection
introspection
is the examination of one’s thoughts
evaluation of introspection
- reports may be distorted as people pretend to be more positive
- always will be a delay between the conscious experience and the report of the experience
- can’t be replicated so it’s not reliable
introspection method
subjects would be presented with a problem or something to remember, they would report back their inner experiences during the task performance
1879 - Wundt
first lab was opened in Germany and psychology began to emerge
1900 - Freud
established the psychodynamic approach and emphasised the influence of the unconscious mind
1913 - behaviourist approach
- developed by John Watson and Skinner
- criticised Freud and Wundt for not studying things that can be observed
- all behaviour is learnt and is not subjective
1950 - humanistic approach
- developed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
- emphasised free will
- rejected the other approaches that don’t believe behaviour is determined by the individual
1960 - cognitive approach
- came with the introduction of the computer
- studies mental processes in a more scientific way than introspection
- make inferences about the mind from lab experiments
1980 - biological approach
- dominant approach in psychology
- advances in technology like MRI scans helped increase understanding of the brain
2000 - cognitive neuroscience
- bought together the biological and cognitive approaches
- investigates how biological studies influence mental states
behaviourism
classical and operant conditioning
social learning theory
identification and models
cognitive approach evaluation
+ uses lab experiments so reliable and replicable
- machine reductionism ignores emotions
- lacks ecological validity
humanism
- studies individuals and emphasises uniqueness and freewill
- argues we have agency and choice over our behaviour
- we have innate need to be good and better ourselves
Maslow
- self actualisation represents the most important part of the hierarchy of needs
- personal growth is essential to humans
Rogers
- the self must be congruent with our ideal self to make self actualisation possible
- developed client centered therapy
- unconditional positive self regard is needed from childhood
the hierarchy of needs
each layer was vital for personality development and was a way to rank basic human needs
growth needed in the hierarchy of needs
- transcendence
- self-actualisation
- aesthetic needs
- cognitive needs
deficiency needed in the hierarchy of needs
- esteem needs
- belonging and love needs
- safety needs
- physiological needs
Maslows study
he studied 18 people who he considered to be self actualisers and found they had 15 things in common
the psyche
is made up of the id, the superego and the ego
the id
- the pleasure principle
- a drive to seek pleasing behaviour despite the consequence
- unconscious and exists at birth
the superego
- the moral compass
- our conscience concerned with doing the right thing
- pre-conscious level and develops at 4/5
the ego
- the self
- the rational mediator balancing out the other parts
- conscious level and develops from 2-4
eros (life instincts)
- procreation
- social co operation
- survival
thanatos (death instincts)
- aggression
- risky behaviour
- reliving trauma
5 defences
- denial
- projection
- repression
- displacement
- sublimation
used when theres conflict between parts of the psyche
denial
bad thoughts are ignored and treated as if they were untrue
projection
we see our conflict in others
repression
we bury a wrong memory or desire in the unconscious
displacement
emotions are directed away from their source
sublimation
taking unacceptable thoughts and changing them into an acceptable format
psychosexual development stages
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genitals
oral
from birth to 6 months showing sucking behaviours
anal
18 months to 3.5 years is toilet training and faeces
phallic
3.5 years to 6 years is a fixation on genitals
latency
6 years to puberty is when sexual urges begin
genitals
puberty to death awakened libido and heterosexual pleasure
oedipus complex
- boys sexually desire their mothers and feel like they have to compete with their fathers
- women don’t develop a conscience as they are crippled by penis envy and began to resent their mothers for not giving them one
self actualisation
the desire to grow psychologically and fulfil our potential
