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approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning through association

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2
Q

operant condition

A

learning through consequences

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3
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

something which naturally causes a response

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4
Q

unconditional response

A

a natural reaction to a stimulus

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5
Q

neutral stimulus

A

doesn’t initially cause a response

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6
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that now has the same response as a UCS

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7
Q

conditioned response

A

conditioned reaction to a stimulus

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8
Q

positive reinforcement

A

behaviour causes a good consequence so it will be repeated

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9
Q

negative reinforcement

A

behaviour removes something bad so its repeated

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10
Q

positive punishment

A

a bad consequence caused by the behaviour so it won’t be repeated

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11
Q

negative punishment

A

a behaviour causes a bad consequence so something good is removed so it won’t be repeated

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12
Q

identification

A

associating with a model

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13
Q

model

A

the person demonstrating desired behaviour/qualities

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14
Q

vicarious reinforcement

A

duplicate behaviours for which others are being rewarded

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15
Q

reproduction/imitation

A

an act of copying someones behaviour

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16
Q

direct reinforcement

A

performing a certain behaviour and being rewarded

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17
Q

mental representation

A

the expectation of the outcome of new behaviour

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18
Q

Bandura

A
  • bobo doll
  • 1961
  • all kids copied the action
  • more closely copied the same sex
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19
Q

cognitive approach

A

how our mental processes affect behaviour

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20
Q

schema

A

mental framework of beliefs and expectations developed from experience

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21
Q

human - computer analogy

A

information flows through the cognitive system in a sequence like a computer

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22
Q

PET scans

A

radioactive tracer is injected into the body and certain organs will absorb it, it collects in areas of higher chemical activity which will show up as bright spots on the scan

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23
Q

fMRi

A

a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create an image of the brain, also showing blood flow to show which parts are being stimulated

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24
Q

biological approach

A

combines psychology and biology to provide explanations for human behaviour

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25
Q

genotype

A

particular set of genes a person possesses

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26
Q

phenotype

A

the way the genes are expressed through physical, behaviour and psychological characterstics

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27
Q

William Wundt

A

was the first psychologist and studied the human mind through introspection

28
Q

introspection

A

is the examination of one’s thoughts

29
Q

evaluation of introspection

A
  • reports may be distorted as people pretend to be more positive
  • always will be a delay between the conscious experience and the report of the experience
  • can’t be replicated so it’s not reliable
30
Q

introspection method

A

subjects would be presented with a problem or something to remember, they would report back their inner experiences during the task performance

31
Q

1879 - Wundt

A

first lab was opened in Germany and psychology began to emerge

32
Q

1900 - Freud

A

established the psychodynamic approach and emphasised the influence of the unconscious mind

33
Q

1913 - behaviourist approach

A
  • developed by John Watson and Skinner
  • criticised Freud and Wundt for not studying things that can be observed
  • all behaviour is learnt and is not subjective
34
Q

1950 - humanistic approach

A
  • developed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
  • emphasised free will
  • rejected the other approaches that don’t believe behaviour is determined by the individual
35
Q

1960 - cognitive approach

A
  • came with the introduction of the computer
  • studies mental processes in a more scientific way than introspection
  • make inferences about the mind from lab experiments
36
Q

1980 - biological approach

A
  • dominant approach in psychology

- advances in technology like MRI scans helped increase understanding of the brain

37
Q

2000 - cognitive neuroscience

A
  • bought together the biological and cognitive approaches

- investigates how biological studies influence mental states

38
Q

behaviourism

A

classical and operant conditioning

39
Q

social learning theory

A

identification and models

40
Q

cognitive approach evaluation

A

+ uses lab experiments so reliable and replicable

  • machine reductionism ignores emotions
  • lacks ecological validity
41
Q

humanism

A
  • studies individuals and emphasises uniqueness and freewill
  • argues we have agency and choice over our behaviour
  • we have innate need to be good and better ourselves
42
Q

Maslow

A
  • self actualisation represents the most important part of the hierarchy of needs
  • personal growth is essential to humans
43
Q

Rogers

A
  • the self must be congruent with our ideal self to make self actualisation possible
  • developed client centered therapy
  • unconditional positive self regard is needed from childhood
44
Q

the hierarchy of needs

A

each layer was vital for personality development and was a way to rank basic human needs

45
Q

growth needed in the hierarchy of needs

A
  1. transcendence
  2. self-actualisation
  3. aesthetic needs
  4. cognitive needs
46
Q

deficiency needed in the hierarchy of needs

A
  1. esteem needs
  2. belonging and love needs
  3. safety needs
  4. physiological needs
47
Q

Maslows study

A

he studied 18 people who he considered to be self actualisers and found they had 15 things in common

48
Q

the psyche

A

is made up of the id, the superego and the ego

49
Q

the id

A
  • the pleasure principle
  • a drive to seek pleasing behaviour despite the consequence
  • unconscious and exists at birth
50
Q

the superego

A
  • the moral compass
  • our conscience concerned with doing the right thing
  • pre-conscious level and develops at 4/5
51
Q

the ego

A
  • the self
  • the rational mediator balancing out the other parts
  • conscious level and develops from 2-4
52
Q

eros (life instincts)

A
  • procreation
  • social co operation
  • survival
53
Q

thanatos (death instincts)

A
  • aggression
  • risky behaviour
  • reliving trauma
54
Q

5 defences

A
  1. denial
  2. projection
  3. repression
  4. displacement
  5. sublimation
    used when theres conflict between parts of the psyche
55
Q

denial

A

bad thoughts are ignored and treated as if they were untrue

56
Q

projection

A

we see our conflict in others

57
Q

repression

A

we bury a wrong memory or desire in the unconscious

58
Q

displacement

A

emotions are directed away from their source

59
Q

sublimation

A

taking unacceptable thoughts and changing them into an acceptable format

60
Q

psychosexual development stages

A
  1. oral
  2. anal
  3. phallic
  4. latency
  5. genitals
61
Q

oral

A

from birth to 6 months showing sucking behaviours

62
Q

anal

A

18 months to 3.5 years is toilet training and faeces

63
Q

phallic

A

3.5 years to 6 years is a fixation on genitals

64
Q

latency

A

6 years to puberty is when sexual urges begin

65
Q

genitals

A

puberty to death awakened libido and heterosexual pleasure

66
Q

oedipus complex

A
  • boys sexually desire their mothers and feel like they have to compete with their fathers
  • women don’t develop a conscience as they are crippled by penis envy and began to resent their mothers for not giving them one
67
Q

self actualisation

A

the desire to grow psychologically and fulfil our potential

Psychology (10 decks)

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