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gender Flashcards

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1
Q

sex

A

refers to biological status and whether you are assigned male or female at birth

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2
Q

gender

A

refers to someones psychological status, including social norms and cultural expectations we associate with this

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3
Q

androgynous

A

mix of male and female

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4
Q

Bem

A
  • created the Bem Sex Role Inventory
  • asked 600 questions about masculine and feminine characteristics
  • most people were fairly androgynous
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5
Q

Bian, Leslie and Cimpian (2017)

A

found that at 6, girls are already more likely to avoid games for ‘brilliant, really clever’ children

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6
Q

Witt (1997)

A

suggested that androgynous upbringings may be more beneficial to children

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7
Q

gender biology

A
  • humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
  • 23rd pair is either XX or XY
  • the sperm is the gamete that determines the sex
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8
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A
  • the sperm cell contains the sex determining region which leads to development of testes
  • at 8 weeks, these can be insensitive to androgens so male development never happens
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9
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)

A
  • feminine physique
  • 30% of cases lead to breast development
  • small testes and possibly infertility
  • poor language and reading skills
  • passive temperament starting as a child
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10
Q

Turner’s syndrome (XO)

A
  • webbing in neck
  • ovaries are undeveloped leading to infertility
  • anorexia and amenorrhoea
  • above average language skills
  • socially immature
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11
Q

primary sexual characteristics

A

genitals

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12
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

voice deepening, breast growth, body hair growth

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13
Q

testosterone in girls

A
  • high levels lead to disorders like PCOS

- positively correlated with violent behaviour

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14
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • ‘love’ hormone produced across all sexes

- produced at most after giving birth or breastfeeding

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15
Q

Young (1966)

A

opposite sex hormones were given to rats and they started acting like the opposite sex
- however gender is more complex than this§

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16
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of learning gender

A
  1. gender labelling
  2. gender stability
  3. gender consistency
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17
Q

gender labelling

A

at age 2 or 3 infants begin to label others based on appearance

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18
Q

gender stability

A

at age 4 children recognise gender is stable, so boys grow into men, but still view gender as superficial and based on clothes, toys etc

19
Q

gender consistency

A

at age 6 kids crack conservation and being to understand gender is a fixed status

20
Q

Thompson (1975)

A

found that 90% of 3 year olds could identify their sex accurately, compared to 76% of 2 year olds

21
Q

Slaby (1975)

A

asked young children questions such as ‘were you a girl or a boy when you were a baby’ and infants only began to give correct answers after age 4

22
Q

Martin et al (1990)

A

suggests these schemas are developed in 3 stages:

  1. learning what is associated with each gender
  2. grouping ideas together
  3. rules begin to be formed
23
Q

Bauer (1993)

A

did different masculine and feminine things to see which children copy him and the girls would copy both actions, but boys would only copy masculine
- but the masculine was shaving a bear

24
Q

evaluation of Kohlberg

A
  • reductionist
  • difficult to measure
  • lacks temporal validity
  • doesn’t take into account non binary and androgynous
25
Q

Freud

A

to develop properly, children required 2 parents of opposite genders so they could identify with and inherit the values of each gender

26
Q

Patterson

A

found girls raised by lesbians have similar gender identities to those raised by heterosexual parents

27
Q

Horney (1967)

A

argued that men’s womb envy was more prominent than penis envy

28
Q

internalisation - Freud

A

children identify with the same-sex parent as the means of resolving their complexes, so they will take on their values and attitudes

29
Q

Buss (1989)

A
  • studied 37 cultures with 10,000 participants
  • asked them what they look for in a partner
  • men preferred younger partners who were physically attractive
  • women preferred older partners who were ambitious
30
Q

evaluation of Buss study

A
  • ignores colonialism as we put these stereotypes onto all cultures, based off our culture
  • ignores economic disparity as women used to not have access to money
  • ignores different sexualities and diversity
31
Q

Williams (1986)

A
  • studied remote cultures with no TV and then after TV

- gender stereotypes became massively enforced when TV was introduced

32
Q

Bee

A

children’s books and media are the most stereotypical of gender roles

33
Q

Mead (1935)

A

studied tribes to see if gender is innate
arapesh = similar to western stereotype
mundugmoor = both genders are aggressive warriors
tchambull = roles were reversed

34
Q

direct reinforcement

A
  • children are more likely to be praised for demonstrating gender appropriate behaviour
  • they will imitate behaviour they see being rewarded
35
Q

indirect reinforcement

A
  • they see the consequences of other people’s behaviour which shapes their views
    e. g. seeing a young boy being bullied for being feminine
36
Q

4 cognitive processes to learning gender behaviour

A
  1. attention
  2. retention
  3. motivation.
  4. motor reproduction
37
Q

gender identity disorder

A

is a disorder underpinned by gender dysphoria which is the feeling of discomfort from being in the wrong body

38
Q

Coates (1991)

A

a boy fantasised about being a girl as his mother was heavily depressed from an abortion and this was his way of coping, so this disorder came from emotional trauma and neglect

39
Q

Stoller (1975)

A

gender identity disorder in boys comes from being too close to their mothers, meaning they become feminine

40
Q

Cole (1997)

A

studied 435 individuals with dysphoria and found that there was no greater incidence of psychiatric problems

41
Q

Zucker (1996)

A

did find that 64% of 115 boys with concerns about their gender identity did have seperation anxiety disorder

42
Q

transmedicalism

A

emphasises the requirements of trans people to medically transition and stresses biological causes

43
Q

Hare (2009)

A
  • studied the DNA of 112 trans women
  • suggested the influence of a gene on the presence of a longer androgen receptor
  • this could reduce foetal testosterone and lead to a feminised brain

Psychology (10 decks)

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