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Social Influences Flashcards

1
Q

What was Asch’s Method to test conformity

A

123 Male participants
The participants are told it’s a test on visual perception
7-9 participants in each group tested
The participant was sat 1 from the end in the group
1 person in the whole group is participating
They were 3 lines and one was the same as the standard
The confederates gave 12/18 unanimous wrong answers

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2
Q

What were the results of Asch’s test

A

33% of all participants conformed
75% of all participating conformed once
5% of participants conformed every time
1% of the participants made a mistake in the control group

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3
Q

What was the Conclusion of Asch’s experiment

A

Most of the PPS confirmed due to NSI
Some conformed Due to ISI

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4
Q

What were the strengths of Asch’s experiment

A

Good internal validity
High internal validity

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5
Q

Why is it good Asch’s experiment had good internal validity

A

Had control over the variables
Can establish cause and effect

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6
Q

Why is it good Asch’s experiment had high internal reliability

A

Consistent method
Can be repeated

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7
Q

What were some of the weaknesses of Asch’s study/experiment

A

No female participants
Lack of temporal validity
Lacks ecological validity
Possible Demand characteristics
Conformist era

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8
Q

Why is it bad Asch’s study had no females in it

A

Gender bias - can’t generalised results

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9
Q

Why is it bad that Asch’s study had low temporal validity

A

Because the study cannot be used today because it didn’t age well

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10
Q

Why is it bad Asch’s study had low ecological validity

A

It wasn’t relevant to real life

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11
Q

Why could there be demand characteristics in Asch’s study and why is that a bad thing

A

The situation is artificial
People could not act themselves so makes the results unreliable

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12
Q

Why is it bad that Asch’s experiment was done in a conformist era

A

Because the participants were more likely to conform

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13
Q

Definition of psychology

A

Scientific study of human experience and behaviour

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14
Q

Definition of conformity

A

A change in a persons behaviour or opinion because of real or imaginary pressures from a person or people

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15
Q

Definition of Internalisation and type of influence

A

The highest level of conformity where the persons views are confirmed both publicly and privately
ISI

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16
Q

Definition of compliance and type of influence

A

Where public behaviour changes to fit in with a group but private beliefs remain the same
NSI

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17
Q

Definition of Identification

A

A person identifies with a group and changes views and beliefs to fit in with a group this can be a permanent or temporary change

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18
Q

Definition of NSI

A

Normative social influence based on our desire to be liked we conform because we think people will approve of us or accept us leads to compliance

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19
Q

Definition of ISI

A

Information social influence based on our desire to be right we look to people who we think are correct
Desire to be right
This happens in situations that are ambiguous or the others are assumed as experts

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20
Q

Majority influence

A

When someone changes attitudes beliefs or actions in order to fit into a large group

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21
Q

Definition of confederates

A

Non participants working for an experiment who have been told to answer in a specific way
The participant believes the confederates are participating

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22
Q

Variables that effect Asch’s study

A

Size of the majority/ confederates
Unanimity of the majority
Difficulty of task

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23
Q

What’s effect did increasing the size majority do to Conformity rate

A

It increased conformity by 30% when the Majority/confederates were at least 3 but it plateaued after 3

But increasing the majority/ confederates to 1 or 2 had a very minimal effect on conformity

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24
Q

What effect did unanimity within the majority have

A

The level of conformity decreased to 5% when an other participant gave the right answer
Conformity dropped to 9% when one of the participants gave a different answer that was incorrect

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25
What and how did increasing the difficult of the task
He made the difference the lines much smaller so the correct answer was less obvious So Conformity increases
26
How does NSI link to asch’s study
People conformed because they didn’t want to stand out Conformity decreased when they had an ally because it stopped them from standing out as much as possible
27
How did ISI link to asch’s study
Some doubted there own eyes and though the majority was right Conformity increased when the difficultly was increased
28
What was zimbardos method
He set up a mock prison in Stanford Before: Volunteer sample( advert)- students 24 mentally and physically stable volunteers (used psychological testing) randomly allocated prisoners + guards Local police were recruited to help and arrested the prisoners unexpectedly Prisoners: Refereed to by number Imprisoned for 24 hours (blindfolded, deloused, given uniform/ number) Guards: Worked shifts uniform Wore black glasses to remove individuality and carried a wooden baton They could make up rules
29
Results of zimbardos study for guards and prisoners
Guards grew increasingly tyrannical and took to there roles with such zeal that the study was stopped in 6/14 days Some prisoners exhibited passive behaviour depression aggression anxiety
30
Conclusions of zimbardos study
People conform to there social roles over time
31
Strengths of zimbardos Study
High ecological validity High reliability/validity Control over PP variables
32
Weakness of zimbardos study
Low ecological validity Demand characteristics Investigator effect External validity Can’t generalise results
33
Definition of obedience
Types of social influence whereby someone acts in response to a direct order from a figure of perceived authority
34
Definition of agentic state
A person who sees themselves as a agent for carrying out another persons wishes
35
Definition of legitimate authority
A person who is perceived to be in a position of social control in a situation
36
Definition of authoritarian personality
A distinct personality pattern characterised by a strict adherence to conventional values and a belief in absolute obedience or submission to authority
37
Definition of dispositional
A explanation of behaviours such as obedience emphasise them being caused by an individuals own personal characteristics rather than situational influences within an environment
38
Definition of F scale
Also known as ‘Californian F scale’ or ‘facisism scales’ Is a measure of authorial traits or tendencies
39
Definition of right wing authoritarianism
A cluster of personality variables that are associated with ‘right wing’ attitudes to life
40
Mailgrams method
Volunteer sample of 40 American men Told it was about learning Rigged draw took place allocated roles to participants of learner or teacher The participant was always made to be a teacher (learner was a confederate) Teacher saw a learner strapped to an electric shocking apparatus Teacher was given a mild shock to show machine was real Teacher had to administer an ‘electric shocking’ every time learner got questions wrong learner responses were recorded Experimenter used standard ‘prompts’ such as “the experiment requires you to continue”
41
Results of milgrams study
65% of PPs delivered the full 450 volt shock All subjects went to 300 volts Even though learner gave out an organised scream at 285 volts A refusal to answer at 315 volts or only ominous silence after 315 volts was considered a Wong answer and they were given a shock
42
Conclusion of Milagros study
Supports the agentic state theory ( we are agents of someone else’s ideas or orders) Person didn’t take responsibility
43
Strengths of milgrams study
High internal validity and reliability
44
A weakness of milgrams study and why
Demand characteristics - artificial Lacks ecological validity - artificial setting Lacks population validity - only American men Ethical issues - psychological harm Right to withdraw
45
Variations of miligrams study
Proximity: 1. Teacher and learner in the same room 2. Teacher forced learner to receive shock 3. Experimenter gave instructions over the phone Location: It is done in a less prestigious setting(run down office) Uniform: Experimenter played by a member of public
46
What effect did changing the proximities have on obedience
1. Teacher and learner were in the same room made obedience drop to 40% 2. Teacher forced learner to receive a shock Obedience dropped to 30% 3.experimenter gave instructions over the phone Obedience fell to 21%
47
What effect did changing the location have
Done in a less prestigious setting (run down office) Obedience fell to 48%
48
What effect did uniform have on obedience
Experimenter was played by a member of the public Obedience fell to 20%
49
A field experiment that overcomes demand characteristics and low ecological validity
Hofling et al (1966) - doctors and nurse experiment: 22 staff nurses on nigh duty in a psychiatric hospital Phoned by ‘DR smith’ (unknown doctor) Told to give patient 20 mg dose of Astraten astraten clearly labelled said max dose was 10 mg 21 out of 22 obeyed the orders and gave twice legal dose of the drug
50
A obedience felid experiment showed power of uniforms
Bickman(1974) A scheduled passer - by to carry out unusual orders ( pick up litter, stand on other side of bus stop) In security uniform or dressed as milkman or in normal clothes 92% complied with uniform compared to 42% with normal clothes 47% for the milkman
51
What is the agentic shift
A changed from autonomous to agentic state
52
What is some supporting research for the agentic shift
Hofling et al ( doctor took responsibility) Milgram (experimenter took responsibility)
53
What is legitimate authority
The amount of social power held by the person who gives instructions Reflects hierarchal system that we are taught Follows order because we trust them or because they have power to punish us legitimacy of authority is often represented by uniform
54
What supporting research is there for legitimate authority
Milgram(uniform) Bickman Holfing
55
What is gradual commitment
Becoming licked into obedience in small stages Foot + door technique
56
What supporting evidence is there for gradual commitment
Milgrams 15v increments
57
What is situational factor
Features of the setting or environment that influence obedience
58
What is a dispositional factor
Characteristics of the individuals personality that influence obedience
59
What is an authoritarian personality
Adorno argued people with an authoritarian personality have a tendency to be extremely obedient Using the California f-scale to measure components of authoritarian personalities Those with authoritarian personalities are rigid thinkers who obey authority Enforce strict adherence to social roles and hierarchies Adorno found obedience is based on early childhood experiences - if they were raised by parents who used an authoritarian parenting style
60
What are the 3 personality types that lead to right wing-authoritarianism
Conventionism - adherence to conventional norms Authoritarian aggression - aggressive feelings towards people who violate these norms Authoritarian submission - uncritical submission to legitimate authority
61
Milgram and elms producere
Carried out a following study using PPs who had taken part in milgrams study Selected 20 ‘obedient’ participants (had gone to 450v) 20 ‘disobedient’ participants ( had jot gone to 450v) Each pp completed California F scale to measure levels of authoritarianism
62
What were milgram and elms findings
Found a higher level of authoritarianism Among ‘obedient’ participants they scored higher on the f-scale
63
A strength of milgram and elms study
High reliability
64
A weakness of milgram and elms study
Change of demand characteristics Correlation no cause + effect Change of accequensence bias Low population validity
65
Outline of resistance to social support
Standing against peer pressure or harmful authority is easier if you have an ally An ally provides the individual with an independent assessment of reality Social support breaks down the unanimity of the position of the majority Non conformist + disobedient models act as a role models
66
What 3 pieces of research supports social support
Aschs Milgrams Gamson
67
What research did Aschs do for social support
Aschs variation study when an ally/dissenter who gave the right answer caused conformity to drop from 33% to 5% This shows resistance went up from 67% to 95% Aschs variation study when an ally/dissenter gave a different incorrect answer caused conformity to drop form 33% to 9% This shows resistance went up from 67% to 91%
68
What research did Milgram do for social support
In a variation study where the PP was one of 3 ‘teachers’ and the other two ‘teachers’ refused to continue Only 10% continued to 450v Obedience fell to 65% to 10% Resistance increased 35% to 90%
69
What research did Gamson do for social support
PPs were Told to produce evidence that would be used to help an oil company run a smear campaign Found Found higher levels of resistance The participants were in groups so could ask others about what they were told to do 29/33 PPs rebelled against orders 88% resisted
70
An outline for locus of control
Sense of control people have over events in their lives Works on a continuum Internal LOC - believes that things that happen to them are largely controlled by themselves (hard work) External LOC - believes that things happen without their control (luck fate)
71
2 pieces of research that are used for LOC
Avtigis Holland
72
2 pieces of researcher for LOC
Avtgis Holland
73
What was avtigas research
Meta analysis of studies involving LOC + conformity Internals more likely to resist social pressures
74
What was Holland research
Repeated Milgrams study + measured LOC Found 37% of internals did not continue to 450V where only 23% of externals didn’t Therefore internals showed greater resistance
75
What are the 3 types of minority influence
Commitment Flexibility Consistency
76
What is synchronic consistency
Increases interest between people
77
What is diachronic consistency
Will increase interest over time
78
What is commitment
Suggests certainty confidence and courage Seen as being willing to suffer
79
What is the augmentation principle
Seen as being willing to suffer
80
What is flexibility/flexible
Not rigid/dogmatic Negotiate rather than enforce their position
81
What is Moscovici procedure
4 naive participants and 2 confederates Shown a series of blue slides and asked to judge colour
82
3 types of conditions in Moscovici study
Consistent condition Inconsistent condition Control condition
83
What happened in Moscovici consistent condition
The 2 confederates called the slides green on every trial
84
What happened in Moscovici inconsistent condition
The 2 confederates called 2/3 of the slides green
85
What happened in Moscovici controlled study
6 naive participants No confederates
86
What were the findings in Moscovici consistent study
Consistent minority influence got the majority to say green on 8% of the trials
87
What are the findings of the inconstant minority
Inconsistent minority influence got the majority to say green on 1% of trials
88
What are the findings of Moscovici control group
Control minority influence got the majority to say green on 0.25% of trails
89
How can social changes occur through minority influence
Drawing attention to an issue Consistency of position Creating cognitive conflict Augmentation principle Snowball effect Social cryptomnesia
90
How can people draw attention to an issue and how did the suffragettes do it
Education/political + militant tactics They protested/ breaking law /hunger strikes /sport events /targeting the government
91
How can a minority show consistency of position and how did the suffragettes do it
More influential is consistency is dychronic Keeping the same message about women’s rights
92
How can a minority influence create cognitive conflict and how did the suffragettes do it
People began to think about if women should have rights People think about the thing they brought attention to
93
How can a minority use the augmentation principle and how did the suffragettes do it
They are seen to suffer for their view so they may be taken more seriously Emily Davidson hit by a horse for women right to vote
94
How is the snowball effect used in a minority influence and how did the suffragettes use it
Minority influence initially has a small effect but this then spread as more people consider the issue until it reaches a tipping point When they got the vote
95
How is socail cryptomnesia used and how did it happen to the suffragettes
People don’t remember how change happened without education of it Modern day

Psychology (16 decks)

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