Approaches Flashcards
1
Q
Definition of psychology
A
The scientific study of human behaviour
2
Q
Definition of Cartesian dualism and who proposed it
A
The idea that the mind and body are separate entities proposed by Rena Descartes
3
Q
What is empiricism
A
All experiences can be learned through sense
4
Q
Definition of Tabulas rasa and who proposed the theory
A
It means blank slate
John locks theory
When we are born we have no knowledge and every experience we have leads to who we are
5
Q
Definition of evolution
A
The process of passing on traits from one individual to its offspring through adaptation of genes
6
Q
Detention of survival of the fittest
A
Reinforcing the process of evolution in which the individual with best suited genes for the environment will survive and pass on genes/characteristics
7
Q
Definition of approach
A
A different perspective on how to study a topic
8
Q
Who was alive during 1596-1650 and his theory
A
Rena Descartes
Cartesian dualism - mind and body are separate
9
Q
Who was alive during 1632-1704 and his theory
A
John Locke
Tabulase rasa and empiricism
10
Q
Who was alive during 1809-1882 and his theory
A
Charles Darwin
Evolution - the process of passing on Traits from one individual to offspring through adaptive genes
11
Q
Why was Wundt’s called the farther of psychology
A
He believed human mind/nature could be scientifically controlled through objective research
He made a way for psychology as a science nd made psychology the best human research method
12
Q
What were Wundt’s aims
A
He wanted to break down behaviour such as perception and sensation into there basic elements
13
Q
Wundts method/producer
A
He places PPs in a room with a stimulus
PPs were instructed to experience stimulus and report mental activity thoughts, feelings ,senses
He focused on different structures of the mind
SAP
Sensation
Attention
Perception
14
Q
Strengths of Wundt’s theory
A
Controlled method
High internal validity
High internal reliability
The introspection PPs were given same controlled conditions
Same stimulus every time
Same instructions each time
15
Q
Weakness of Wundt’s theory
A
PPs could have been effected by other stimuluses / by other PPS
16
Q
Three scientific methods and what they consist of
A
Systematic (consistent):RIV
Reproducible setting
Instructions
Variables
Objective:
not opinionated based on fact (can be no basis or opinion)
Reliable:
Same Producer and result
17
Q
Scientific approach strengths
A
The reliance on objective and systematic method helped because it was based on facts not passive acceptance
Belief determinism cause and effect by established method
That are empirical and reliable
If results change we can refine the theory or abandoned it is self correcting
18
Q
Weakness of a scientific approach
A
Contrived situation
Majority of things we wanna research with psychology and unobservable and it can’t be measured with any egree of accuracy
Predict becomes impossible
19
Q
Definition of behaviourism
A
A way of explaining people’s behaviours through observation
20
Q
Definition of stimulus
A
Something which causes a reaction
21
Q
Definition of classical conditioning and the types that build up on it
A
Learn by association occurs when two stimulus are presented together
Unconditioned stimulus (unlearned) and a neutral stimulus
But a neutral stimulus could produce the same reaction as the unconditioned stimulus
Then becoming a conditioned stimulus
22
Q
Definition Operant conditioning
A
A way of learning from behaviour that is formed and maintain d through consequences
23
Q
Definition of positive reinforcement
A
Get a reward when a certain behaviour is performed
24
Q
Definition of negative reinforcement
A
Avoidance of unpleasant consequences (handing in a essay to avoid punishment)
25
Definition Punishment
An unpleasant consequences for behaviour
26
Definition of behaviourism
Focused on cause + effect and observable behaviourists
27
What did John Watson discover
Behaviourist approach
28
What is the Behaviourist approach
Rejects vagueness of interospection and how hard it was to measure results and instead fox used on the learning experience and environment
29
The Assumptions of the behaviourist approaches
We learn behaviours from our environment through Classical
Or Operant conditioning
Concerned with observable behaviours as opposed to internal events like emotions
Behaviours can be objectively and scientifically measured
Behaviours must be measured in a controlled environment so we can distinguish cause + effect (lab experiment)
Tabulas rasa
There’s a different between animals and human learning
30
What was Pavlovs method
He presented a stimulus before giving food then fed the dog then repeated
31
Results of Pavlovs theory
Dog salivated to stimulus after multiple trails
32
What was Pavlovs conclusion
Dog associated food with stimulus
33
Strengths of Pavlovs research
High internal validity - control over variables
Can establish cause + effect
High internal reliability- can be repeated and consistent experiment
34
Weakness of Pavlovs study
No human PPs
35
What happened in the little Albert research
Was presented with a white rat whenever Albert got close to the rat a metal post was struck with a hammer to make an unpleasant sound
Cause a conditioned phobia of white rats/animals
36
Definition of neutral stimulus
A stimulus which does not naturally produce a response
37
Detention of unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that produces a reflex action
38
Definition of unconditioned response
An innate reflex response
39
Definition of conditioned stimulus
The stimulus which produces the learned response after an association has taken place
40
Definition of conditioned response
A learned response
41
Definition of classical conditioning
Learning by association. Two stimulus are repeatedly paired together (NS + UCS)
The neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that the unlearned stimulus got
42
What were the 2 methods of skinners Box
Design 1:
A box contained a button/lever/disc
When activated it would distribute food into the box
Design 2:
Floor covered in electric gate/tiles
electricity would pass through floor electricity would be turned on upon activation of the lever/button/disc
43
Results of skinners research
In both designs the creature learned to activate lever/button/disc
Learned because of consequences
44
Conclusion of skinners research
Animal learns through consequences
45
Strengths of skinners research
High internal validity
High internal reliability
46
Weakness of skinners research
Unethical decisions
Low ecological validity
47
Positive reinforcement definition
Rewards
Increases have of behaviour occurring again
Stimulus presented after behaviour
48
Definition of positive punishment
Receive something negative
Decreases chance of behaviour occurring again
Stimulus presented after behaviour
49
Definition of Negative reinforcement
Relief
Increases chance of behaviour occurring again
Stimulus is removed after behaviour
50
Negative punishment definition
Penalty
Decreases chance of behaviour occurring again
Stimulus removed after behaviour
51
Definition of identification
The extent to which an individual relates to a role model and feels they are like them so they want to be like the role model
52
Definition of imitation
Using someone as a model + copying their behaviour
53
Definition of Modelling
When a role model precisely demonstrates a specific behaviour so that it can be intimidated by an observer
54
Definition of vicarious reinforcement
Reinforcement that is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour
55
Definition of a role model
A Person who carries out a attitude or behaviour to be learned
This happens when someone is seen to possess similar characteristics to the observer or are attractive or higher status
56
Definition of live models
A type of role model who is actually present in our environment
57
Definition of Symbolic model
A type of role model who is presented in the media
58
Assumptions of the social learning theory
Classical + operant conditioning don’t account for all human learning
There are mental processes that happen between stimulus + response behaviourist + cognitive process
Behaviour is not learnt from experiences but social context
Observation of role models and what they get from there behaviour
Humans learn directly + indirectly
Learning + performance are not the same activity people are active manipulators of their own environment rather then there own experiences
Concerned with humans
59
What are the 2 conditions for banderas bobo doll
Child + adult in room with bobo doll
Condition 1:
Adult played kindly
Condition 2:
Adult began beating up bobo doll
Child was left alone in room alone after either condition
60
What were the results from bandauros the research
1: child played kindly
2: child reproduced the aggressive behaviour beating up the bobo doll
61
Conclusion of banderas research
Humans learn through observation
62
What strengths are there for banderas study
Was done on humans - can generalise results
High internal validity
High internal reliability
63
Weakness of banderas study
Only done with children
Chance of demand characteristics
Low ecological validity
64
Important concepts in SLT
Learning takes place in a social context
It happens through observation of behaviour and the rewards/punishment of that behaviour (vicarious reinforcement)
Role models carry out/model attitudes/behaviour to learn
Live role models (in the environment)
Symbolic (media)
Characteristic of role models influence the like hood of imitation of modelling behaviour
If observer relates to role model feels they are similar (age/gender)
High status + attractive makes imitation more likely
When we see the behaviour observational learning occurs
65
In what order is behaviour learned
Behaviour is observed
Behaviour is imitated
Behaviour is reinforced
Behaviour is repeated
Behaviour is internalised
66
What is the mediation process and what happens at each stage
Motivation - the will + desire to perform a behaviour (linked to vicarious reinforcement)
Attention - noticing or paying attention to the behaviour of a person someone wants to imitate
Retention - remembering the behaviour so they can do the same
Reproduction - consideration of our own ability to perform the behaviour
67
Definition of internal mental processes
Operations of mind (perception + attention) that mediate between the stimulus and response. They are private and cannot be observed directly
68
What is a schema
The cognitive (mental) framework of belief + expectation
It helps us interpret information in the brain
They develop from experiences and help us make sense of new information
They are also used as a reference point to help us respond appropriately
69
What is an inferences
Going beyond the immediate evidence to make assumptions about mental process that cannot be directly observed
Conclusions are indirectly drawn about the way internal mental process operate on the basis of observed behaviour
70
Defention of cognitive neuroscience
The science study of the brain/neurological structure that are responsible for cognitive/mental/thinking process
71
What is a theoretical model
A method of describing the internal process of the mind
72
What is a theoretical model
A method of describing the internal process of the mind
73
What is a computer model
A scientific theoretical model in which the mind is compared to a computer
74
What is timing
If the NS is presented after the UCS or it is presented before but there is a big time gap between the NS and UCS conditioning does not take place
75
What is generalisation
When a CR is produced to a similar stimulus to a CS
76
What is spontaneous recovery
Following extinction if the CS and UCS are paired together again the association between them is made much easier and quicker
77
What is extinction
When a CR is not permanent if the CS is presented enough times without the UCS it loses the ability to produce the CR
78
What was cherry’s method
Shadow tasking
PPs had a message playing in one ear which they were told to repeat out loud while a second message was played in the other ear
79
What were cherry’s results
PPs could not recall any specific words in the unattended message
80
A conclusion of cherry’s experiment
Humans have selective attention must pay attention to learn + retain
81
Strengths of cherry’s study
High internal validity and reliability
82
Weakness of cherry’s study
Low ecological validity
Thoughts can’t be measured
83
What are assumptions of the cognitive approach
Behaviour is influenced by thoughts conscious/unconscious
There are internal mental process that are scientifically + objectively measured
We are information processors we extract , store + retrieve information that allows us to guide our behaviour
Humans can be compared to computers
Models are used to create theories about mental process + can be studied scientifically
We make inferences based on observation
84
What is a schema
Cognitive mental framework of belief + expectations that help organise + interpret information in the brain
They are made from experiences + help us to make sense of information they are used as reference points to help behave properly/appropriately
85
What is schema development
Baby - simple motor scheme( gasping , moving hand + touching around objects)
Older more experiences, schemes become more developed + sophisticated]
86
Why are schemas good
Process lots quickly
Useful mental short cuts stop us being overwhelmed
87
Why is a schema bad
Excludes anything that doesn’t fit our ideas of the world
We may develop stereotypes that are hard or difficult to disconfirm even with new conflicting information present
Interpretations perceptional errors or sensory information
88
What is a cognitive model
A simplified pictorial representation of a particular mental process
Based on available evidence
Analogy of how mental process work
89
What is a computer model
Computer analysis are used as a representation of human cognition
Similar ways information is processed
Central process unit (CPU) - brain
Coding- to turn info into a usable format
Store- to hold different chunks of information
Output- observable behaviour
90
What is cognitive neuro science
Cog neuro : mapping of cognitive function to different brain regions brain imagery techniques such as FMRI + Pet
91
What is FMRI and what does it do
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Measures blood flow in the brain
Shows where brain activity is occurring
92
What is PET
Mapping the brain
We are able to show how these different types of long term memory are effected
93
Definition of gene
A part of the chromosome of an organism that carries information in the form of DNA
DNA codes the physical and psychological features of an organism
94
Definition of hormone
Chemical produced by endocrine glands
In response to a signal from the brain they are secreted into the blood stream by endocrine glands where the travel to target cells
95
Definition of hormone
Chemical produced by endocrine glands
In response to a signal from the brain they are secreted into the blood stream by endocrine glands where the travel to target cells
96
Definition of neurochemistry
The study of chemical and neural process associated with the nervous system that regulate psychological functions
This includes neurotransmitters + hormones
97
Definition of heritability
The amount of variability in a trait within a population that can be attributed to genetic differences between people within the population
The more the trait is influenced by genetic factors the greater it is
98
Defe
99
Definition of neuron
A cell of the nervous system that transmit nerve impulses in the form of electrical signals
Many aspects of behaviour are controlled in this way
100
Definition of neurotransmitters
A chemical that travels across the synapse to transmit messages
101
Assumptions of the biological approach
The physical process in the body are genetic
Everything psychological is based on innate biological basis
Brain structure and functions can explain thoughts + behaviour
Mind and brain are the same thing
Genes effect behaviour and influence psychological differences between people
Use animals research to identify genetic traits and this explains human behaviour
102
Assumptions of the biological approach
The physical process in the body are genetic
Everything psychological is based on innate biological basis
Brain structure and functions can explain thoughts + behaviour
Mind and brain are the same thing
Genes effect behaviour and influence psychological differences between people
Use animals research to identify genetic traits and this explains human behaviour
103
What is a genotype
Genes they have
Individuals genetic make up
Genetically identical people have the same predisposition to develop characteristics from genes unless another factor intervenes
Does not reveal wether someone will develop characteristics
104
What is a Phenotype
Observable trait or characteristics
Shown by individuals due to the combined effects of the genes + environment
105
What is phenylketonuria(PKU) and what aspects of it are genotypes and what are phenotypes
A genetic disease cause by lack of a specific hormone
If PKU is not diagnosed
Individuals will not develop properly
But if diagnosed the baby can follow a special diet low in phenylanic and can develop normally
Gene = PKU
Pheno = normal development
Abnormal development
106
What is evolution
Where the genetic make up of a population changes over successive generations
Individuals in a species vary in terms of physical traits some variations inherited biological
107
What is natural selection
Random physical + behavioural changes to species either enable it to adapt to their environment + survive
If they are disadvantage in some way they will die out
108
What is sexual selection
The idea that there are physical characteristics or behaviours that make an individual more attractive
So increases reproductive success and passes on traits and they may become more exaggerated over succeeding generations
109
What is sexual selection
The idea that there are physical characteristics or behaviours that make an individual more attractive
So increases reproductive success and passes on traits and they may become more exaggerated over succeeding generations
110
What is a social realiser in terms of evolved behaviour
Basic set of innate cute feature’s and behaviours that encourage attention from adults
Adult attachment system
Increases Survival of infant so therefore they will live and eventually reproduce
And pass on physical characteristics and they will become more wide spread
111
What is aggression in terms of evolved human behaviour
Men are at risk of cuckoldry and so display aggressive acts as a deterrent so that a partner is less likely to cheat
Aggression is symbolic of strength + power so may be more attractive to females increases reproductive success
112
What comparative method do we have to show aggression is genetic
Animals are studied and are generalised to humans
Mice reared alone show a tendency to attack other mice when first exposed to them
This is biological because they couldn’t learn behaviour from anyone
Aggression has a biological basis
113
Why are twin studies good
Allows us to asses wether a characteristic is genetic or environmental
Both twins are studied to determine wether they share the characteristics
Must be separated
114
What is concordance
A percentage that shows how many pairs of chromosomes share a characteristic
115
What does monozygotic mean for twins
MZ twins have a 100% concordance rate if one zygote share all genes have the same kind of environment it is hard to distinguish
Need to be separated at birth
116
What does dizygotic mean for twins
2 zygote
Share 50% of genes
117
What was shown about depression between family members
MZ = 49% that the other twin had it
DZ = 17% that the other twin had it
Siblings = 9% that the other sibling had it
Depression is partially genetic
118
Definition of nervous system
A specialised network of cells which collect process and respond to environmental stimulus
It also regulates internal bodily functions
119
What’s part of the central nerve system
Brain and spinal cord
120
What are parts of the peripheral nervous system
Neuron’s/nerves
121
What are some features of the nervous system
Brain is the centre of all consciousness and awareness
Outer layer cerebral cortex (highly developed in humans)
Higher mental function from those of animals spinal cord is extension of the brain
Spinal cord - responsible for reflex action
122
What is the endocrine system
Works with nervous system to control vital functions
Much slower than the nervous system (wide spread + powerful effects)
Glands in the the body secrete hormones into the bloodstream carried to specific cells have specific receptors for hormones
The major endocrine glands is the pituitary glands it contains the real ease of hormones from all the other glands in the body
123
What is the fight or flight response and what controls it
Sympathetic nervous system
When a stressful event occurs the hypothalamus in the brain triggers ‘panic button’
124
What effect does the sympathetic state (ready) have on the body
Heart rate increases
Breathing increases
Pupils dilate
Inhibits digestion
Inhibits salvation production
125
What effects does the parasympathetic state (chill) have on the body
Hearting rate decreases
Breathing rate decreases
Pupils contract
Stimulates digestion
Stimulates salvation production
126
What does the soma do
Holds the nucleus and keeps it alive
127
What does the axon do
Takes impulses away from the cells body to other neutering neurons
128
What do dendrites do
Branch like structure which receives impulses from other neurons
129
What do axon terminals do
Transmit information to next neurone
130
What happens across a synapse
A positive charge goes through the axon into the axon terminal
it then excites the vesicles to release neurotransmitters
they then are released across the synapse
The receptors either go through excitation or inhibition
131
What are sensory neuron’s and what they do
They carry a message from the PNS to the CNS
132
What are relay neurons and what do they do
These connect the sensory and motor neuron’s and also other relay neuron’s
133
What do motor neurons do
They connect the CNS and effectors
134
What is excitation
Increases the chance a positive synaptic nerve achieving action potential by making it more positively charged
135
What is inhibition
Decreases the chance of a positive synaptic nerve achieving its action potential by making it negatively charged
136
What is the psychodynamic approach
AQ perspective that describes the different forces (dynamics)
Most of which are unconscious the operate on the mind and direct human behaviour
137
What is the unconscious
The part of the mind that we are unaware of but which continues to direct much of our behaviour
138
What are tripartite personalities
The three forces acting within us which represent different stages of development and different levels of morality
139
What are defence mechanisms
Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage
Conflict between id and super ego
140
What are psychosexual stages
Five development stages that all children pass through
At each stage there is a different conflicts
The outcome of which determines future development
141
What are assumptions of the psychodynamic approach
Change and development individuals and all human behaviour
Can be explained in terms of inner conflict o the mind
Most of the mind is made of unconscious
Behaviour is caused by unconscious factors which are largely unknown to us and beyond our control
Events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult life shaping our personalities
Childhood can remain in the unconscious and influence our behaviour
Unconscious extends into every part of our walking and sleeping lives
Relationships are important
142
What is the conscious and unconscious in terms of frauds iceberg
Conscious mind tip of the iceberg
Mind the surface is conscious
Unconscious hidden under the iceberg
Behaviours are not controlled consciously instead they are products of the unconscious mind
Unconscious contains repressed memories, primal desires
they influence everyday thoughts and feelings
Behaviour is Learned by the unconscious so it is largely out of our control
143
What are some concepts of the tripartite structure of personality
Freud described the personalities as being tripartite
Composed of 3 parts:
Id,ego,superego
Each part of a personality demands gratification but is frequently in conflict with other parts
Experience/conflict in childhood shape the development of the three parts which affect how a personality behaves
144
What is the id and what principles does it have and work on
Primitive part of our personality
Formed from birth to 18 months
Unconscious and represents drive and instinct
Operates on a pleasure principle
Immediate gratification
Regardless of circumstances it focuses on self(selfish feelings + needs)
145
What is the ego and what principles does it have and work on
Rational prat of the mind that mediates between id and superego
Forms between 18 months and 3 years
Operates on a reality principle
Mediates between impulses and demands of the ID + reality of eternal world
Conscious helps to reduce the conflict between demand of id and superego
146
What is the superego and what principles does it work on and have
Identified sense of right + wrong based on parental + societal values
Acts as our conscience or moral
Formed between 3-6 years
Unconscious operates on morality principle
Representation of moral standards of the child same sex parent and cause feelings of guilt
147
What is a defence mechanism and the types of it
Conflicts between the tripartite structure can lead to anxiety
If faced with situations that you are unable to deal with rationally
Defence mechanisms may be triggered
Unconsciously work by distorted reality so anxiety is reduced
Makes ego not overwhelmed by threats or trauma
148
What is denial
The Refusal to acknowledge + accept reality
To avoid having too deal with any painful feelings that might be associated with that event
The person acts as if the events never happened
149
What is repression
This is the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and impulses
Distressing memory is forced out of the conscious mind
The repressed thoughts and impulses pulse in the unconscious continue to influence behaviour
Without the individual being aware of the reasons behind their behaviour
150
What is displacement
This is transferring emotions from the true source of distressing emotions onto a substitute target
Therefore situations where person feels unable to express their thoughts or feelings in the presence of the person they should be directed towards the thoughts or feelings
Are redirected onto someone or something else
This gives their hostile feelings a route for expression
Even though They are misapplied to an innocent object/person
151
When is the oral stage and when does it happen
Birth - 18 months
Breast feed
Explore the world through mouth
Develop Id
152
What can cause unresolved conflicts in the oral stage cause and how are they caused
Under federal law or over fed as a baby can lead to
smoking or nail biting
153
What is the anal stage and when does it occur
18 months - 3 years
Ego is developed
Potty training
154
What can happen if unresolved conflicts happen in the anal stage
If parents are too harsh in potty training (overly tidy)
If parents are too relaxed in potty training (overly messy)
155
What is the phalic stage and when does it happen
3 years - 6 years
Super ego
Oedipus complex (boys)
Electra complex (Girls)
156
What happens if you don’t make it out the phalic stage
Child can become homosexual
Narcissistic or/and reckless
157
What happens in the latency stage and when does it occur
6 years - puberty
Sexual urges go dormant
Focus on friendship (same sex)
158
What can happen if there are unresolved conflicts in the latency stage
Difficulty forming relationships
159
When does the genital stage happen and what happens in it
Puberty
Sexual desire for heterosexual relationships begin
160
What happens in the Oedipus complex
Develop sexual feelings towards mother
Unfortunately dad is in the way
Murderous intent towards farther
Become afraid dad is gonna realise you have these feelings
Afraid that dad castrates you (castration anxiety)
You realise dads good moral standards that he was able to get mum
Copy these values into super ego
161
What happens in the electra complex
The penis is superior sex organ
Don’t have a penis
Therefore want to control a penis
Unfortunately mum is in the way
Murderous intent towards mother
Become afraid mum is going to realise you have these feelings
Afraid you will be ostracised (ostracism anxiety)
You realise mums good moral standards that she was able to get dad
You copy these values into you super ego
162
What is the humanistic approach
An approach to understanding human behaviour that emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each persons capacity for self determination
163
What is free will
The notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces
164
What is self actualisation
The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil ones full potential
(Becoming what you are capable)
Personal growth fulfilled
Morality creativity spontaneity problem solving lack of prejudice acceptance of fact
165
What is self
The ideas and values which characterise ‘I’ and ‘me’
Including perception and valuing of ‘what i am’ and ‘what i can do’
166
What is congruence
The aim of Rogerian therapy when self - concept and the ideal self are seen to Match or closely match
167
What is determinism
The view that or individual behaviour is shaped or controlled by biological or external forces rather then the individuals will to do something
168
What are the assumptions of the humanistic approach
The importance of subjective experience feelings + thoughts of a person
Reject scientific models attempt to establish general principles of hierarchy behaviour
Person centred approach
Focus on people as unique and good
We are self determined have free will
Full conscious control
Make choice that are not determined by biological or external forces
This doesn’t mean we aren’t affected by biological or external forces influences
We are active agents who have the ability to determine our own development
Everyone has innate tendencies to fulfill their potential and become self - actualised
Emphasis importance of personal growth and fulfilment
169
How the humanistic approach rejects science
Exercises free will
science determinism
People are rational and conscious being + not dominated by unconscious drive and primitive desires (ID)
Science focuses on determinism + reductionism
Subjective experience + understanding of the world is of greater importance of understanding peoples objective reality
Science focuses on empiricism and objective
Humans should be viewed as a whole not reduced to component parts
Science focuses on reductionism to get cause and effect
Humans want self actualisation
Science focuses on objective measurements
170
What are some facts of Maslows hierarchy of needs
Innate tendencies for humans to achieve their full potential best they can possibly be
Hierarchy needs was a way for employers to get the best out of their employees by understanding their needs
It was adapted to explain needs in general
Self actualisation represents the upper most level of hierarchy needs to fulfil desires to grow psychological + fulfil ones true potential
Become accepting of others or accurate perception of the world around
You must first fulfil the lower levels of the hierarchy to fulfil potential
We are ment to achieve progression through life
171
What were carl rogers ideas
Personal growth achieve an individual’s self concept must be broadly equivalent to congruence with ideal self
Too big of a gap between congruence + self actualisation will not be possible due to negative feelings of self worth which come from incongruence
Direct central therapy help people cope with the problems of everyday life
Parents who set boundaries or limits of their love for the child (criteria of worth)
Problems in adulthood as worthiness and low self esteem have part in childhood and can often explain by lack of unconditional positive rewards (unconditional love from parents )
172
What are Maslow hierarchy of needs in order
Self actualisation
Aesthetic needs
Cognitive needs
Esteem needs
Belonging needs
Security and safety
Physiological
173
What is direct central therapy
It’s were you help people cope with problems of everyday Life
174
What is an aesthetic need
Appreciation of beauty + prettiness
175
What is a cognitive needs
Being able to think for ourselves solve problems
176
What is esteem needs
Self esteem
Confidence
Achievement
Status
Responsibility
Respect of and by others
177
What is belonging and love needs
Family affection
Relationships
Work groups
Sexual intimacy
178
What are safety and security needs
Security of:
Body
employment
Resources
Morality
Health
Family property
Protection
Stability
Order rules
Laws
179
What are physiological needs
Breathing
Air
Water
Food
Drinks
Warmth
Sleep excretion
Homeostasis
Sex(sex refers to the need of someone to continue a race not emotional or ones own pleasure)
180
What is unconditional positive regard
Unconditional love a person Receives
