Attachment Flashcards
1
Q
What is attachment
A
A strong emotional + reciprocal bond between two people that endure over time
Serves function of protecting an infant
2
Q
What is a caregiver
A
A person that provides care for a child such as a parent or grandparent sibling and so on
3
Q
What is reciprocity
A
Responding to an action of another similar action
The actions of one partner elicit a response from other partners
Responses are not necessarily as similar as interactional synchrony
4
Q
What is interactional synchrony
A
Where two people interact + tend to mirror the other
Doing it in terms of facial + body movements
Includes imitating emotions as well as behaviours
5
Q
What is multiple attachment
A
Having more than one attachment figure
6
Q
What is primary attachment
A
Person who has formed the closest bond with a child
Demonstrated by an intensity of a relationship
7
Q
What is separation anxiety
A
They distress shown by an infant when separated from his/her caregiver
8
Q
What is stranger anxiety
A
Distress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone who is unfamiliar
9
Q
What are caregiver infant interactions
A
Infancy is the period of a child’s life before speech begins
Key interactions between caregiver + infant are non verbal communication
The manner in which they respond to each other determines the formation of attachment
More sensitive each is to other signals deeper relationships
10
Q
What is reciprocity
A
Responding to action of another with similar action
Where actions of one partner elicit a response from other partners
11
Q
What is Interactional synchrony
A
Two people interact tend to mirror what other is doing in terms of facial + body movements
12
Q
What was meltzoff and moores producer
A
A controlled observation
2-3 week old infants
Displaying facial/hand gestures
Recorded infant response
Independent observers
Each observer measured tape twice
All interactions of infant + hand gestures were recorded
Observed behavioural categories
13
Q
What are the results of meltzoff + moores study
A
Association between infant behaviour and adult that model
High inter observer + intra observer reliability (0.92)
14
Q
What was the conclusion of meltzoff and moores study
A
It is believed that interactional synchrony is important for development of parent infant attachment
15
Q
What was a strength of meltzoff + moores study
A
High internal validity/reliability
No investigator effect
No demand characteristics
High ecological validity
16
Q
What did Schaffer + Emerson producer
A
Researched 60 infants in the working class area of Glasgow
Used a natural observation
They visited them monthly for first 12 months and revisited after 18 months
They measured attachment:
Stranger anxiety - when the non primary care giver the inspection interacted with the baby
Separation Anxiety - when the primary care giver was not around the baby
(Assessed by mother)
17
Q
What’s were the findings of Schaffer + Emerson find
A
There are 4 stages of attachment
Primary attachment with a person who I interacted with + was most sensitive to infant (65% to the mother + only 3% farther)
18
Q
What are the 4 stages of development/ attachment
A
Asocial - 0 to 2 moths
Indiscriminate - 2 to 7 months
Discriminate - 7 to 10
Multiple attachments - 10 onwards
19
Q
When is the asocial stage and what happens with it
A
0-2 months
Infant produces similar responses to all objects animate or inanimate
During this time reciprocity + interactional synchrony play a role establishing infants relationship with each other
20
Q
What happens in the indiscriminate stage and when does it happen
A
2-7 months
infants prefer human company over inanimate objects
Can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people (smiling more at some people)
Do not show fear of strangers (stranger anxiety)
21
Q
What happens in the discriminate stage and when is it
A
7-10 months
Formed a specific attachment to one person (primary attachment figure)
Separation anxiety + proximity seeking to one particular person + fear of strangers
22
Q
What happens in the multiple attachment stage
A
10-onwards
After first attachment they start to develop more attachment with others like grand parents + siblings
23
Q
What was the conclusion of Schaffer + Emerson’s study
A
Quality (responsiveness play + social interaction) matters most in attachment formation
24
Q
What are weakness of Schaffer + Emerson’s study
A
Lack of population validity
Social desirability
25
What is a strength of Schaffer + Emerson’s study
High ecological validity
26
What did grossman say
Quality of attachment to farther is not related to future development of attachment but fathers ( as secondary caregiver) distinct role in a child’s development involving play + stimulation
27
What did field say
Farther who are primary caregivers + more responsive secondary caregiver suggesting farther can be more focused on emotional development
28
What is imprinting
An innate readiness to develop a strong bond with mother
Which takes place during a specific development probably the first few hours after brith/hatching
Doesn’t happen at this time will not happen at all
29
What is a learning theory
A group of explanations (C + O conditioning) it explains behaviour in terms of learning rather than any inborn tendencies or higher order thinking
30
What is classical conditioning
Learn through association
Neutral stimulus is consistently paired with unconditioned stimulus
Eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus
Is able to produced a conditioned response
31
What is operant conditioning
Learning through reinforcement
32
What is social learning theory
Learn through observing others + imitating behaviours that are rewarded
33
What is a continuity hypothesis
Idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure
Trusting + socially confident
34
What is a critical period
A biological determinants period of time during which certain characteristics can develop
Outside of this time window such development will not be possible
35
What is an internal working model
A mental model of the world which enables individuals to predict + control their environment
In the case of attachment the model relates to a persons expectations about relationships
36
What is monotropy (monotropic)
The idea that one relationship that the infants has with their primary attachment figure is of special significance in emotional development
37
What is are social releases
A social behaviour or characteristic that elicits caregiving + leads to attachment
38
What was Lorenz procedure
12 gosling eggs in two groups
6 left with natural mother (control group)
6 placed in incubator ( experimental group)
Incubator eggs hatched
First moving object was Lorenz
Marked them placed with mother
39
What were the results of Lorenz study
Incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere
The control group followed mother
Imprinting
Lorenz identified a critical period (first few hours)
Imprinting must happen or it never will procedure is long lasting irreversible
Effect on later mate preferences social imprinting ( mate with the same kind of object upon there imprinting)
40
What was Harlow procedure
Infant monkeys record in isolation
Two surrogate mothers
One made of wire who had a feeding bottle + one made of cloth who didn’t
Measured time spent with each mother
22/24 with comfort mother
Assessed attachment by sending in a loud mechanical toy to see which mother the monkey went to
41
What was Harlow procedure
Infant monkeys record in isolation
Two surrogate mothers
One made of wire who had a feeding bottle + one made of cloth who didn’t
Measured time spent with each mother
22/24 with comfort mother
Assessed attachment by sending in a loud mechanical toy to see which mother the monkey went to
42
What were Harlow results
Found the monkey used the soft mother as their base + only wire mother to bear fed
Went to soft mother when frightened infants do not develop attachment to the one who feeds them
It also caused long lasting permanent effects on monkeys develop abnormally
43
What are the explanation for behaviour
Learning theory and mono-tropic theory
44
What is the learning theory based on
It assumes attachment is based on food provisions
45
What explanations is used in the learning theory
Classical and operant conditioning
46
What are the types of conditioning used in the learning theory
Classical conditioning learning by association( of neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus)
Operant learning by reinforcement
Positive reinforcement - behaviour results in addition of a stimulus
Negative reinforcement - behaviour results in the removal of a stimulus
47
How is classical conditioning used in the learning process
Infant learns to associate food with mother/primary caregiver
Mother/caregiver acquires comforting properties by association
48
How is operant conditioning used in infant attachment
Infant learns to cry
Smiling brings positive response from mother/primary caregiver (P reinforcement)
Is primary reinforcement + mother/primary reinforcer + mother/primary caregiver is secondary reinforcer
49
What evidence supports the learning theory
Schaffer + Emerson
Harlows monkeys
50
How do Schaffer + Emerson’s study support or deny the learning theory
Found babies didn’t have strong attachment with mother
Many were most attached to those who interacted with them the most
Were interacted with them the most
Were most responsive to them
51
How does Harlows monkey support or deny the learning theory
Monkeys attached to cloth mother rather then feeding mother
More time with them + went to when feared)
Suggests comfort more important then food attachment
52
What is another explanation for attachment
Bowlby monotropic theory
53
What was in bowblys mono tropic theory
A species is a population of organisms that interbreed + had fertile offspring
Living organisms have descended with modifications from species that lived before them
54
What is Monotropy in attachment
Bowlby believed that all children form a number (hierarchy) of attachments but one of these is of significant importance
Bowlby believed that the primary attachment was to the person who responds most sensitively to the social releaser but it should be mother
55
What is adaptive and innate in attachment
Bowbly believes children have an inbuilt drive to become attached
It has long term benefits (similar to imprinting)
This drive ensures That infants stay close to the caregiver for food + protection
Behaviours increase chances of survival + reproduction
56
What is a critical period in attachment
Attachment is innate there is likely to be a crucial period of time for attachment to form
Bowlby believed this between 3-6 months
57
What is a socail realisers in attachment
Characteristics that elicit care giving
Smiling or crying
58
What is an internal working in attachment
A group of concepts a child learns in regards to what expect from a relationship
A developed in early childhood + is created by attacgemnt the child has
This could be a relationship of trust or one of uncertainty
59
What is continuity in attachment
This is the idea that there is a link between early attachments
Later emotional behaviour
Those who have a secure attachment as a child will continue to be socially + emotionally competent
60
What was the procedure for hazan + shaver experiment
Printed a love quiz in local newspaper
Rocky Mountain news + readers were asked to send in their responses
Hazan + shaver analysed the first 620 replies sent from 14 to 82
Classified the respondents according to Mary ainsworth
Infant attachment types of secure anxious
resistant
anxious-avoidant
Looking for corresponding adult love styles
61
What were the 2 measurements of attachment
Simple adjective checklist of childhood relationships with parents
Parents relationship with each other
Love experience questionnaire assessed individuals beliefs about romantic love
Wether It last forever wether it could be found easily
Trust there was in a romantic relationship
62
What were results in Hazan + shaver study
Found a strikingly high correlation between infant attachment types
The adult romantic love styles
63
What was the conclusion of Hazan + shaver
They concluded that there was evidence to support the concept of internal working model having life-long effect
64
What was a strength of the love quiz
High ecological validity
65
What was a weakness of the love quiz
Social desirability
66
What evidence was there to support the evolutionary theory
Schaffer + Emerson
Tronick et al
Lorenz
67
How did Schaffer and Emerson study show supporting evidence for the evolutionary theory
Some infants made multiple attachments at the same time
Rejects Monotropy
68
How did Tronick et al show supporting evidence for the evolutionary theory
Studied an infant in a tribe in Zairea who was looked after and brestfead by other women but showed attachment to biological mother supports Monotropy
69
How did Lorenz research support they evolutionary theory
Found goslings imprint on first moving object they saw supports view attachment
70
What is secure attachment
A strong and connected attachment of an infant to his or her caregiver which develops as a result of sensitive responding by the caregiver to the infants needs
Securely attached infants are comfortable with social interaction and intimacy
Securely attachment is related to healthy subsequent cognitive and emotional development
71
72
What is insecure-avoidant
A type of attachment which describes infants who tend to avoid social interaction and intimacy with others
73
What is insecure resistant
A type of attachment which describes those infants who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction
74
What is insecure disorganised attachment
An attachment type characterised by a lack of consistent patterns of social behaviour
75
What is meta analysis
A procedure in which researchers draw together and analyse the results of many different studies that have used a similar procedure
76
What is separation anxiety
The unease the infant shows when the caregiver leaves
77
What is stranger anxiety
Infants response in the presence of a stranger
78
What is a collectivist culture
Those where there is a high degree of interdependence between people
79
Individualist culture
Those where personal independence and achievement are valued
80
What did the strange situation asses
The nature of attachment between infant and mother
81
What was the aim of the strange situation
To see how infants between age 9 to 18 months behave under mild stress
82
What did Ainsworth do
Combined data from several studies to make a total of 106 middle class infants
83
What was the strange situations procedure
Controlled observation
Research room was 9x9 foot marked off into 16 squares(help record infants movement)
The procedure consists of seven episodes
Data is recorded every 15 seconds by a group of observers through a two way mirror using behavioural categories
The observer scores behaviour for intensity on a scale 1 to 7
84
What are the five basis of behaviour is the strange situation
Proximity seeking
Exploration and secure base
Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Reunion behaviour
85
What is proximity seeking in the five basis of behaviour
How close to the caregiver the child stays
86
What is exploration and secure basis of the five behaviours
How infant explores and uses the parent as a base to explore from
87
What is stranger anxiety in the basis of five behaviours
The infant response to a stranger
88
What is separation anxiety in the basis of five behaviours
The infants response to separation from the caregiver
89
What is reunion behaviour in the basis of five behaviours
How the infant reacts upon reunion with caregiver
90
What did the strange situation procedure involve
Seven episodes of 3 minutes
91
What are the seven episodes of the strange situation
Child and caregiver enter room
The baby is encouraged to explore
A stranger comes in talks to caregiver and approaches the baby
The caregiver leaves the baby and stranger together
The caregiver returns and the stranger leaves
The caregiver leaves baby alone
Stranger returns
The caregiver returns and is returned with the baby
92
What is asses when the baby is encouraged to explore
Tests exploration an secure base
93
What is assed when a stranger comes in and talks to the caregiver and approaches the baby
Tests stranger anxiety
94
What is assessed when the caregiver leaves the baby and the stranger together
Tests stranger and separation anxiety
95
What is assesed when the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves
Reunion behaviour and exploration
96
What is assessed when the caregiver leaves the baby alone
Separation anxiety
97
What is assessed when the stranger returns
Stranger anxiety
98
What is assessed when the caregiver returns and is reunited with the baby
Tests reunion behaviour
99
What stages asses exploration and secure base
When the baby is encouraged to explore
When the caregiver returns and stranger leaves
100
What stages asses stranger anxiety
A stranger comes in talks to the caregiver and approaches the baby
The caregiver leaves the baby and stranger together
The stranger returns
101
What stages asses separation anxiety
The caregiver leaves the baby and stranger together
The caregiver leaves baby alone
102
What stages asses the reunion behaviour
The caregiver returns and stranger leaves
The caregiver returns and is reunited with the baby
103
How many types of attachment did Ainsworth find
Three different types of attachment
104
What are the 3 types of attachment
Secure (Type B)
Insecure avoidant (Type A)
Insecure resistant/ambivalent (Type C)
105
What percent of people have secure(Type B) attachment
60-75%
106
What is secure attachment know as
Type B
107
What type of proximity seeking does a secure (Type B) attachment have
Moderate proximity seeking behaviour
108
What type of exploration/secure base do secure(Type B) attachment have
Moderate willingness to explore but use mother as a secure base
109
What type of stranger anxiety does a secure (Type B) attachment have
Moderate stranger anxiety
110
What type of separation anxiety does a secure(type B) attachment have
Moderate separation anxiety
111
What reunion behaviour does a secure(Type B) attachment have
Easily comforted on reunion
112
What percentage of people have a insecure avoidant(Type A)
20-25%
113
What is insecure avoidant attachment also know as
Type A
114
What type of proximity seeking does a Insecure avoidant(Type A) attachment have
Low proximity seeking behaviour
115
What type exploration/secure base does a Insecure avoidant(Type A) attachment have
High willingness to explore but don’t use mother as secure base
116
What type of stranger anxiety does a Insecure avoidant (type A) attachment have
Low stranger anxiety
117
What type of separation anxiety does a Insecure avoidant(Type A) attachment have
Low separation anxiety
118
What type of reunion does a Insecure avoidant(Type A) attachment have
Avoid contract on reunion
119
What type of attachment does Insecure resistant/ambivalent
Type C
120
What percentage of people have a Insecure resistant/ambivalent type C attachment
3%
121
What type of proximity seeking does a Insecure resistant/Ambivalent(Type C) attachment have
High proximity seeking
122
What type of exploration/secure base does a Insecure resistant/ambivalent (Type C) attachment have
Low willingness to explore
123
What type of stranger anxiety does a Insecure ambivalent/resistant(Type C) attachment have
High stranger anxiety
124
What type of separation anxiety does a Insecure ambivalent/resistant (Type C) attachment have
High separation anxiety
125
What type of reunion behaviour does a Insecure resistant/ambivalent(Type C) attachment have
Both seek and reject caregiver on reunion and so don’t/cant be calmed down
126
What are the strengths of the strange situation
Internal validity
External validity
Reliability
Ethical issues
127
What are weakness of the strange situation
Internal validity
External validity
Ethical issues
128
Why is internal validity a strength of the strange situation
Some control of variables
129
Why is internal validity a weakness of the strange situation
Low only measures attachment to one person
(Not necessarily attachment type of child)
130
Why is external validity a strength of the strange situation
Replicable real life
No demand characteristics
131
Why is external validity a weakness of the strange situation
Low artificial setting/situation
132
Why is reliability a strength of the strange situation
Can be repeated
Inter + intra reliability
0.94 agreement between observers
133
Why are no ethical issues a strength of the strange situation
Stress on child (no greater than everyday life)
134
Why are ethical issues a weakness of the strange situation
Stress on child
135
What is a type D attachment
A mix of resistant and avoidant behaviours
136
What were the aims of ijzendoorn and kroonemnbergs cross-cultural differences in attachments
Investigate any pattern in attachment type across 8 countries/cultures
Find weather there are intra -ccs;rural variations as well as inter cultural differences
Evaluate similarities and difference in the profile of attachment types
137
What was ijzendoorn and kroonenberg procedure
Carried out a meta analysis to find out about attachment types in different cultures
Analysed 32 different studies carried out in 8 countries using the strange situation
They looked at differences between and within cultures
138
What were the findings of ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study
Secure attachment (type B) were most common in all cultures
Avoidant attachment (type A) were more comman in individualist e.g Germany
Resistant attachment (type C) were more common in collectivist cultures
There was a one and a half time greater variation within cultures then between cultures
139
What did Grossman and Grossman do/find
German infants tended to be classified as insecurely attached may be due to child rearing practices
As German culture involves keeping some interpersonal distance between parent and child
140
What did Takahashi find
Japanese infants showed no evidence of insecure avoidant attachment
High rates of insecure resistant (32%)
May be due to the fact Japanese infants rarely experience separation from mothers
141
What is a indigenous psychologist
A indigenous psychologist are those from the same cultural background as the participants
142
What is deprivation
To lose something
143
What is deprivation in context of child development
Deprivation refers to the loss of emotional care that is normally provided by a primary caregiver
144
What is an affectionless psychopaths
A condition characterised by an inability to care for other people together
With an inability to experience guilt
145
What is privation
Where a child fails to develop an attachment bond with one caregiver
146
What is institutionalisation
The effect of institutional care such as orphanage
The possible effects include social, mental and physical underdevelopment
147
What are some effects of institutionalisation
Possible effects are social mental and physical underdevelopment
148
What is an internal working model
A mental model of the world which enables individuals to predict and control their environment
149
What made up bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation.
Value of maternal care
Critical period
Long term consequences
150
What is value of maternal care in bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
Bowlby believed that infants and children need a warm intimate and continuous relationship with the mother( or permanent mother substitute)
to ensure continuing normal mental health
151
What is a critical period in bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
Bowlby believed a child that is denied such care because of frequent and/or prolonged separation during critical period
Before the age of 2 and a half years
Experience psychological damage
152
What time period was the critical period in bowlbys maternal deprivation
2 and half years
153
What were long term consequences in bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
Emotional maladjustment - affectionless psychopath or depression
Intellectual underdevelopment - abnormally low IQ
154
What did being emotional maladjustment cause to happen in bowlbys maternal deprivation theory
Depressed or an affectionless psychopath
155
What did being intellectual underdeveloped cause in bowlbys maternal deprivation theory
Abnormally low IQ
156
What did bowlby do in the 44 juvenile thieves
Bowlby analysed the case histories of a number of his patients in the child guidance clinic in London
Where he worked
All the children were emotionally maladjusted
157
What was bowlbys procedure
Interviews to study 88 of there children
Half had been caught stealing( the 44 thieves)
The other half were the control group (non-thieves)
Bowlby suggests some(14) of these thieves were affectionless psychopaths
158
What were bowlbys findings
86% (12 of 14) of these “thieves” diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths had experienced early separations
In contrast only 17% (5 of 30) of the remaining thieves without affectionless psychopaths had been maternally deprived
Furthermore only 5% 9( 2 of 44) of the control group (non-thieves) experienced separations
159
What was bowlbys conclusion
Supports claims that depravation may have long term harmful consequences
May lead to affectionless psychopaths
160
What were strengths of bowlbys study
High ecological validity
Qualitative data ( detailed meaningful)
161
What were weakness of bowlbys theory
Correlation so cannot establish cause and effect may be other factors
Investigator effect
Lacks temporal validity
Lacks population validity
Retrospective data
162
163
What is an institution
A place where children live ( as opposed to day care , where they go home every night)
164
What is institutionalisation
The effects of institutional care
Social, mental and physical underdevelopment
165
What are the effects of institutionalisation
Physical underdevelopment
Intellectual under-functioning
Disinhibited attachment
Poor parenting
166
What is physical underdevelopment (effects of institutionalisation)
Children in institutions are usually physically small
Research suggests that the lack of emotional care is the cause of ‘deprivation dwarfism’ (e.g Gardner)
Rutter study
167
What did Gardner find
Lack of emotional care is the cause Deprivation dwarfism
168
What is intellectual under functioning
Cognitive development is affected by emotional deprivation(lower IQ)
Rutter study
169
What is Disinhibited attachment
A form of insecure attachment where children do not discriminate between people they choose as an attachment figure
Such children treat near strangers with inappropriate familiarity and may be attention seeking
170
What is poor parenting (institutionalisation)
Quinton compared women reared in institutions compared to a control group reared at home
Ex-institutional women had extreme difficulties acting as parents
More of the ex-institutional women had children spend time in day care
171
What did Quinton do
Compared women reared in institutions with a control four- reared at home
Ex-institutional women had extreme difficulties acting parents
More of the ex-institutional women had children spend time in care
172
What was Rutters procedure
Studied a group of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain early 1990
Compared with a control group of 52 Britain adoptees adopted around the same time
Assessed physical and cognitive development at age 4,6,11 and 15 (longitudinal study)
Used a range of research methods including interviews with parents and teachers
173
What were rutters findings
At time of adoption the Romanian orphans were smaller, weighed less and were classed as maternally underdeveloped (retarded)
Children adopted after 6 moths had lower IQ then those before 6 months and showed Disinhibited attachment an had problems with peers
174
What was rutters conclusion
Negative effects of institutionalisation can be overcome by sensitive,nurturing care
Earlier they are adopted the lesser the effects
175
What were strengths if rutters study
Longitudinal/good range of research methods detailed information overtime
High ecological validity
176
What is a weakness of rutters study
Hard to generalise - appealing conditions
Long terms effects are unclear
177
Who were other researchers for effects of institutions
Zeanah et al
Le mare + audet
178
What did Zeanah do
Imparted 136 Romanian orphans with Romanian children who had never been in an institution
Children were assessed using strange situation
Only 19% had secure attachment (79% of control group)
179
What were Zeanah findings
Institutionalised children showed signs of Disinhibited attachment
180
What did le mare and audit do
Longitudinal study of 36 Romanian orphans adopted to families in Canada
Adopted orphans smaller at adoption but recovered by age 10
181
What do le mare and audet findings tell us
Suggests you can recover from the effects of institutionalisation
182
What is the role on an internal working model
A child forms a mental representation of their first relationship with their primary attachment figure
This IWM acts as a template for all future relationship
183
What behaviours are influenced by the internal working model
Childhood friendships
Poor parenting
Romantic relationships
Poor health
184
How does the IWM effect childhood friendships
IWM suggests those with secure attachment have higher expectations that others are friendly trusting etc and therefore find relationships easier
185
What did Wilson and smith find about childhood friendship
Type A most likely to be victims of bullying
Type C are most likely to be bullies
186
How does IWM effect childhood friendships
Lack of IWM means individuals lack a reference point so attachment type gets passed on
187
What reserach supports poor parenting being caused by the internal working model
Hallows monkeys and Quinton et al showed link between poor attachment and difficulties with parenting
188
How does IWM effect romantic relationships
Securely attached individuals have a more positive IWM
189
What research supports the relationship between IWM and attachment
Hazan and shaver showed a link between early attachment and later relationships
190
How does the IWM effect poor health
Caused by a lack of attachment during critical period that results in lack of IWM
Attachment disorder
191
What was Hazan and shavers procedure
Rocky Mountain news
620 replies
Aged 14 to 82
Correlation between infant attachment type and adult romantic styles support internal working model
192
What were Hazan and shavers findings
Correlation between infant attachment type and adult romantic love styles support internal working model
193
What are the strengths of Hazan and shavers study
High ecological validity
High internal reliability
Established relationships
194
What is a weakness of Hazan and shavers study
No cause and effect
Low population validity
Chance of demand characteristics (social desirability)
