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Sociology > social inequalities - jenny > Flashcards

social inequalities - jenny Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hakim (1979)

A

occupational segregation by gender existed, so men and women are usually doing different kinds of jobs

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2
Q

horizontal segregation

A

men and women crowd into different types of jobs in different sectors of the economy

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3
Q

vertical segregation

A

women occupy lower levels of pay and status in particular jobs

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4
Q

glass ceiling theory

A

even when women gain access to upper professions, they reach a barrier where they can see where they want to go but can’t get there

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5
Q

MacEwan (1994)

A

2 ways of measuring segregation:

  1. objective - using surveys/census data to calculate
  2. subjective - interviews/questionnaires to ask people if their job is exclusive or equally shared
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6
Q

Willot and Griffin (1996)

A
  • researched group of long term unemployed men
  • role of breadwinner was undermined but other male characteristics remained
  • only elements of masculinity weakened instead of a crisis of masculinity
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7
Q

human capital theory

A

some economists suggest pay gap is justified as men will build up skills and experience through unbroken paid employment

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8
Q

Olsen and Walby (2004)

A

women face “systematic disadvantage in acquiring human capital” as pay is lower in occupations where its mainly women

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9
Q

dual-labour market theory

A

Barron and Norris (1976)

  1. primary sector - secure, well paid jobs
  2. secondary sector - poor pay, insecurity and no ladder of promotion
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10
Q

why women are in the secondary sector:

A
  • womens unsuitability
  • disputed career development
  • weak legal framework for women
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11
Q

womens unsuitability

A
  • women are financially dependent on men so don’t need a pay rise/promotion
  • working mothers shouldn’t have management jobs due to the long hours
  • employers hold stereotypical beliefs
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12
Q

West and Zimmerman (1990)

A

there are still powerful cultural myths subscribed to by some employers, e.g. not wanting a female manager

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13
Q

disputed career development

A
  • jobs with promotion prospects often recruit young people as it requires continuous work
  • few mechanisms allowed staff to take time out and return to a similar position
  • having a child means women go back to square one in their career
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14
Q

Caplow (1954)

A

a husbands career may even dictate the geographical movement of the family and the wives have to leave their job

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15
Q

weak legal framework for women

A
  • both the equal pay act and sex discrimination act fail to protect womens employment rights
  • the SDA doesn’t apply to many areas of employment
  • there’s no creche or nursery facilities
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16
Q

education

A
  • 1/3 of women are more likely to enter high education
  • 73% of women A*-C grade at GSCE
  • boys are 4x more likely to be excluded from school
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17
Q

boys education

A
  • hidden curriculum
  • press from peer groups to adopt anti-school norms
  • boys are socialised to be boisterous, active and assertive (Oakley)
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18
Q

income

A
  • benefits make up 1/5 of womens income and 1/10 of mens
  • 70% of people in minimum wage jobs are women
  • women comprise 1% of the worlds wealth
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19
Q

Chant (2011)

A

women are more likely to experience time poverty as they are engaged in the triple shift

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20
Q

poverty

A
  • 25% of women and 12% of men will be in poverty when they retire
  • 52% of children living in lone parent families are poor
21
Q

Savage (2011)

A

men are 40% more likely to experience social mobility in terms of climbing the career ladder

22
Q

Warin (1999)

A
  • majority of people believed men should be the breadwinners of the family
  • contribution of fathers went largely unrecognised
  • fathers struggle with pressure and role conflict
23
Q

Walby (1990)

A

identifies 6 patriarchal structures:

  1. paid work
  2. household
  3. state
  4. cultural institutions
  5. sexuality
  6. violence against women
24
Q

Hakim (2000)

A

Women have more choices than ever but responded differently, creating these work-lifestyle choices

  1. home centered
  2. adaptive
  3. work centered
25
Q

Ginn (1996)

A

points out that rather than preferences women are opting for, its all too often employer attitudes

26
Q

functionalists on gender inequalities

A
  • since women give birth, it’s natural for them to care fo the child
  • the division of the labour is inevitable
  • women can’t do strenuous tasks because of their physique
27
Q

new right on gender inequalities

A
  • men should be the decision makers
  • women should play a supportive role
  • its a natural difference not a inequality
28
Q

social class

A

describes the form of social stratification in modern industrial societies

29
Q

the Hope-Goldthorpe classification

A

he distinguished 3 main classes broken down into 7 occupational classes:

  1. service class - managers of large companies, managers of small companies
  2. intermediate class - non manual, self employed, low grade technicians
  3. working class - skilled manual, unskilled manual
30
Q

life chances

A

Max Weber - some members of society had much better opportunities than others to achieve desirable things n life

  1. live a long healthy life
  2. achieve good education qualifications
  3. owning your home
  4. enjoy leisure activities and holidays
31
Q

income facts

A
  • incomes of the poor having risen very slowly compared to middle class
  • Britain has the most unequal societies in Europe
32
Q

functionalists and new right on income

A

unequal rewards are beneficial as they encourage the talented to work hard

33
Q

marxists and Weberian on income

A

the power individuals have allows them to have huge rewards as a norm, whereas ordinary workers have to bargain for rewards

34
Q

types of wealth

A
  • property
  • physical
  • financial
  • private pension
35
Q

Tony Atkinson

A

found an increasing proportion of national income now comes from inherited wealth, not a difference in talent

36
Q

marxists on work inequalities

A
  • derive from the need for capitalist employers to keep wages down and profits up
  • managers act as agents of the ruling class so they get more rewards to keep profits up
37
Q

absolute poverty

A
  • lack of basic essentials to survive physically

- leisure activities and electronics are seen as socially necessary

38
Q

relative poverty

A

judging if a person’s income is so far below the expected by the majority of society that they’re excluded from a normal lifestyle

39
Q

social mobility

A

the movement of individuals up or down the social scale

40
Q

intergenerational mobility

A

this is the movement up or down a place in society compared to the other generations of family

41
Q

intragenerational mobility

A

movement between classes by an individual during their working life

42
Q

problems with researching social mobility

A
  • classifying occupations
  • studies have ignored women
  • studying the very rich and the very poor is difficult
43
Q

problems with measuring wealth

A
  • defining what should be counted as wealth is hard
  • calculating the value of assets is hard (house prices)
  • obtaining data about wealth isn’t easy
44
Q

Gordon Marshall (1988)

A

found that someone starting off in the service class has 7 times as much chance of ending up there than someone from a working class background

45
Q

Davis and Moore

A

social stratification is functionally necessary as it ensures:

  1. the right people do the most important roles with higher rewards
  2. these roles are performed to the highest standard as they have many people depending on them
46
Q

Saunders - new right

A
  • stratification isn’t inevitable part of society

- a degree of inequality is necessary to motivate people to compete

47
Q

Marxism on capitalism suffering

A

it suffered because of these contradictions:

  • polarisation of social classes (wages are lowered to create profits)
  • alienation (have no control so turn to materialism)
  • economic crisis
48
Q

Weber - social stratification

A

there’s 3 aspects to social stratification:

  1. class
  2. status
  3. party
49
Q

Weber - inequalities

A

based on the struggle between different groups to secure resources such as wealth

Sociology (12 decks)

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