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culture Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

types of culture

A

mass, popular, consumer, global, folk, high, subcultures

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2
Q

culture

A

the whole system of behaviour and beliefs of a society which includes knowledge, language, art, music, morals and traditions

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3
Q

identity of sameness

A

adopting norms and values to fit in with others

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4
Q

identity of difference

A

adopting norms and values to be different from others

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5
Q

identity

A

the way we see ourselves and the way others see us

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6
Q

functionalists on identity

A
  • institutions allocation people roles

- its caused by social constraints

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7
Q

marxists on identity

A
  • depends on class position

- cultural norms and values are created by UC to protect capitalism

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8
Q

feminists on identity

A

patriarchal structure of society has influenced gender identity by causing people to believe stereotypes and socialising people to hold sexist views

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9
Q

postmodernists on identity

A
  • we construct our own identities
  • social class is no longer the most dominant part of identity construction
  • we can pick and mix our identity due to different cultural sources
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10
Q

labelling theory

A
  • interactionalism
  • self fulfilling prophecy of how others see us
  • our labels affect our behaviour
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11
Q

passive identity

A

you are born or socialised into this identity (cult)

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12
Q

active identity

A

people actively try to achieve this identity

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13
Q

functionalists on culture/society

A
  • if there wasn’t internalised norms and values people would do what they want
  • socialisation puts limits on behaviour
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14
Q

functionalists on religion

A
  • produces codes of behaviour by giving ‘sacred status’ to chosen values
  • children are socialised to this social conformity
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15
Q

marxists on socialisation

A
  • designed to benefit the ruling class
  • family, education and religion socialise wc into acceptance of exploitation
  • form of indoctrination
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16
Q

indoctrination

A

teaching people to accept beliefs without question

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17
Q

Religion (Marx)

A

is the opium of the people

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18
Q

interactionalists on socialisation

A
  • its a 2 way active process
  • indoctrination isn’t the only way
  • peer pressure leads to rebellion
  • free agency to chose what we want
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19
Q

roles

A

patterns of behaviour which are expected from people in different positions in society

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20
Q

status

A

based on an individuals social position or a way a person is viewed in society

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21
Q

ascribed status

A

given to a person or born into it

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22
Q

achieved status

A

based on what an individual does in life to gain their status

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23
Q

pop culture

A
  • activities and tastes and accumulation of cultural products that are widespread at a time in society
  • associated with lower class and ordinary people
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24
Q

2 sociological arguments to pop culture

A
  1. used by elites to dull peoples minds and make them passive and easy to control
  2. its a vehicle for rebellion against culture of dominant groups
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25
Q

folk culture definition

A

is heritage transmitted through generations and includes music, literature, drama, art and dance

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26
Q

folk culture

A
  • collectivist and intergeneration ties
  • based on norms, rituals and customs
  • through migration and electronic communication has formed a hybrid with other cultures
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27
Q

mass culture

A

is a set of ideas and values that develop from common exposure, disseminated via mass media

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28
Q

alienation theory - Marx

A
  • proletariat have no control over their lives
  • no creative freedom
  • isolated from our own humanity
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29
Q

globalisation

A

interdependence of countries economically, socially and politically

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30
Q

causes of globalisation

A
  • advances in technology
  • not in war
  • cheaper
  • the internet
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31
Q

advantages of globalisation

A
  • more opportunities
  • promotion of respect of other societies
  • increase of trade of raw materials
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32
Q

disadvantages of globalisation

A
  • spread of disease
  • environmental abuse
  • growing gap between poor and rich
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33
Q

subcultures

A

represent a move away from the mainstream and is enjoyed by a small group in society

34
Q

school subcultures

A

give them status through peer group affirmation and are often based on cultural comfort zones

35
Q

the hidden curriculum

A

separate from the formal curriculum and teaches hidden norms and values

36
Q

3 reasons for subculture

A
  1. apathy with mainstream culture
  2. anger at the mainstream
  3. annoyance and wanting to escape perceptions
37
Q

national identity

A

the sense of a nation as a cohesive whole represented by distinctive traditions, culture and language

38
Q

youth subcultures

A
  • youth is starting earlier and carrying on later
  • share particular set of norms and values
  • value the importance of peer group
39
Q

functionalists on youth subcultures

A

it’s a way of testing boundaries and reinforcing acceptable norms and values so it helps social order

40
Q

marxists on youth subcultures

A
  • based on class and economic situation as explanations for subculture
  • still faced the same experiences and social conditions as their whole social class
41
Q

postmodernists on youth subcultures

A
  • there was no clear gender or class distinction
  • subcultures developed outside of media influence no longer exist
  • seen as being immersed in a media driven reality
42
Q

race and ethnicity

A

race is associated with biology whereas ethnicity is associated with language, religion, culture, customs

43
Q

sexuality

A

means someones sexual orientation (bisexual, heterosexual) and is something which society can seek to control

44
Q

heteronormative

A

the expectation that heterosexuality is natural and normal

45
Q

change in attitudes toward sexuality

A
  • LGBT relationships must be taught in schools
  • same sex marriage act 2013
  • high profile celebrity weddings (Elton John)
46
Q

corrective rape

A

In South Africa gay men and women are raped to ‘cure’ them

47
Q

religion on sexuality

A
  • promotes heteronormativity

- many forbid homosexuality and sex outside of marriage

48
Q

functionalists on sexuality

A

control and channelling of sexuality is crucial to society

49
Q

new right on sexuality

A

a moral decline caused by secularisation has encouraged homosexuality and these are cancerous and threats to society

50
Q

media on sexuality

A
  • hint but don’t depict same sex relationships

e. g. beauty and the beast was banned from Russia due to 2 seconds of 2 men dancing

51
Q

law on sexuality

A
  • homosexuality was decriminalised in 1967
  • 1988 section 28 2003
  • equality act 2007 made discrimination illegal
52
Q

shared ethnic identities:

A
  1. common descent
  2. geographical origins
  3. history
  4. language
  5. religion
  6. traditions and rituals
  7. racism
53
Q

police stop and search

A

rate is disproportionately higher for black and ethnic minority individuals (7 times higher in London)

54
Q

hegemonic masculinity

A
  • Connell 1995
  • dominant view of men
  • supremacy and success
  • aggressive, strength, heterosexual
55
Q

complicit masculinity

A
  • the ‘new man’
  • takes a shared role in raising the family
  • less sexist and macho
  • Prince Harry
56
Q

subordinate masculinity

A
  • men viewed as behaving differently
  • gay and black masculinity
  • Freddie Mercury
57
Q

marginalised masculinity

A
  • men affected by changing nature of labour
  • decline in traditional manufacturing jobs
  • sense of loss
58
Q

assertive femininity

A

reflects the changing role of women and more recent assertive ‘girl power’

59
Q

androgynous femininity

A

combination of masculine and feminine characteristics

60
Q

hegemonic femininity

A

dominant view of how women should be (barbie)

61
Q

types of masculinity

A

hegemonic
subordinate
complicit
marginalised

62
Q

types of femininity

A

assertive
androgynous
hegemonic

63
Q

ladette

A

a boisterous, boozy, free for all women who could get away with anything

64
Q

aims of socialisation

A
  1. to instill disciplines
  2. to develop aspirations
  3. to develop skills
  4. to enable acquisition of social roles
65
Q

deliberate socialisation

A

a purposeful intent to convey values, attitudes, skills and knowledge

66
Q

unconscious socialisation

A

occurs as a result of spontaneous interaction with no intent to educate

67
Q

formal social control

A

includes written rules or codes of conduct that individuals need to follow

68
Q

informal social control

A

wider society has ways of controlling behaviour, for example peer groups

69
Q

chronological approach

A

refers to the way that our age, in years, brings different roles, statuses and norms

70
Q

life course approach

A

focuses on the different stages that people pass through

71
Q

infantilisation

A

the elderly are shown as helpless and vulnerable, dependent and needing care

72
Q

workplace on age

A
  • retirement age 70 deems people over this old
  • minimum wage only applies to over 18 so discourages under that
  • 16 to 25 highest unemployment rate
73
Q

The Social Disengagement theory

A

is that society has failed to provide roles that drew potential wisdom and maturity of older citizens which lead them to being alientaed

74
Q

activity theory - interactionism

A
  • high levels of activity in old age increases personal satisfaction
  • the elderly need to experience new and different options
75
Q

Muslim femininity

A

families stress the control of females as the future of community depends on them

76
Q

education and ethnicity

A
  • Chinese pupils are more likely to achieve A’s in English and Maths GCSEs
  • Gypsy/Roma pupils are least likely
77
Q

how does ethnicity effect education?

A
  • culture doesn’t value education
  • girls are taught to be mothers/wives instead
  • teacher racism and labelling
  • peer group pressure
78
Q

immigration

A

the international movement of people into a destination country which they are not native

79
Q

1st wave of immigration

A

1948 British Nationality Act allowed people from ex-British colonies to fill shortages in labour market

80
Q

2nd wave of immigration

A

1972 Immigration Act meant that those with work permits or directly related to a UK citizen could gain entry

81
Q

3rd wave of immigration

A

2004 the expansion of the EU meant EU members could move to the UK to work

Sociology (12 decks)

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