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globalisation Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Giddens definition

A

interconnectedness of societies and the compression of space and time

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2
Q

global village

A

McCluhan - instantaneous movement of information to every point in the world meaning everyone is connected and the world is getting smaller

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3
Q

factors of globalisation

A
  • greater geographical mobility
  • movement of ideas, goods, services and trade
  • greater awareness of global issues
  • spread of global values and lifestyles
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4
Q

impact on economics

A
  • most affected area
  • international exports increased by 30 times in the last 60 years
  • companies look for cheap production in countries with low wages
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5
Q

impact on politics

A
  • issues like climate change, terrorism etc cant be solved by a single state
  • international pressure groups have formed
  • decrease in local politics
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6
Q

impact on culture

A
  • western culture is dominant and destroys diversity

- but a backlash has occurred as people start to return to regional customs

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7
Q

positives for the economy

A
  • allows the development of the world market and higher living standards for poorer countries
  • investments can cross national boundaries and there’s a growth of free trade
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8
Q

negatives for the economy

A
  • intensification of economic competition
  • growing dominance of multinational companies
  • new international divisions of labour
  • manufacturing moves to low wage economies
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9
Q

positives for politics

A
  • dissolving of political differences
  • creation of political units beyond the nation state
  • International criminal court to judge crimes against humanity
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10
Q

negatives for politics

A
  • threat to the nation state
  • lack of democratic control
  • clash of civilisation and growth of terrorism
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11
Q

positives for culture

A
  • less nationalism
  • we can see and learn about other cultures
  • travel becomes more commonplace
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12
Q

negatives for culture

A
  • proliferation of mass media
  • inhibits local cultures
  • dull uniformity
  • dominance of the English language
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13
Q

monologic transmission

A

from one source to many receivers

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14
Q

dialogic transmission

A

many sources to many participants

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15
Q

digital revolution

A
  • move from mechanical and electronic to digital technology

- in the 80’s less than 1% of information was stored in digital format and in 2014, 99% was

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16
Q

advantages of globalisation

A
  • worldwide market for people and companies to access products
  • decisions being made benefit people all over the world
  • increased tolerance and acceptance of people from other countries
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17
Q

disadvantages of globalisation

A
  • helps the rich get richer and the poor get worse
  • extreme social injustices and environmental impacts
  • spread of disease (e.g. COVID)
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18
Q

Arjun Appadurai

A
  • we live in imagined communities instead of face to face communities
  • we used to live in fixed geographical positions
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19
Q

Chomsky

A

globalisation has been appropriated b a small sector of powerful people to use as their own to maintain private power

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20
Q

cultural homogenisation

A

becoming the same

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21
Q

Robertson

A

glocalisation is a process by which globally produced goods and services have local features incorporated in them

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22
Q

smartphone statistics

A
  • in 2008, 17% of adults had a smartphone

- in 2018, 78% of adults had a smartphone

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23
Q

Foxcon company

A

18 employees attempted suicide and their response was to put up suicide nets in factories

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24
Q

facebook

A
  • started in 2004
  • over 2 billion users
  • 66% of users use it everyday
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25
Q

concerns of facebook

A
  • privacy issues
  • marketing and being used to benefit corporations
  • fake news e.g. effecting the US election
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26
Q

Franklin Foer quote

A

“Facebook is always surveilling users, always auditing them, using them as labrats”

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27
Q

WhatsApp

A
  • started in 2009 and now owned by facebook
  • has a billion users
  • preferred tool for propaganda and negative messaging
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28
Q

Snapchat

A
  • founded in 2011
  • 158 million users who use it everyday
  • used by advertisers
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29
Q

Linkedin

A
  • founded in 2002
  • used for professional networking
  • links to social capital (Bordieu)
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30
Q

Twitter

A
  • started in 2006
  • 330million active users worldwide
  • more use than people buy newspapers daily
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31
Q

analysis of tweets

A

4% was news
38% was conversations
40% was pointless

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32
Q

gaming

A
  • video games sector now accounts for more than half of the UK’s entire entertainment market
  • the industry’s worth has doubled since 2007
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33
Q

virtual communities

A

creates interaction between members with share passions through chat rooms and virtual rooms

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34
Q

Howard Rheingold (1993)

A

virtual communities have potential benefits for personal well-being as well as for society at large

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35
Q

Calhoun (1991)

A

argues that technology has a negative influence on offline interaction between individuals because virtual life takes over our lives

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36
Q

Instagram

A
  • launched in 2010 and owned by Facebook
  • over 600million users
  • paid advertisements and used by brands
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37
Q

Google

A
  • concern about algorithms creating hierarchy of sites

- tool for propaganda and unreliable information

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38
Q

Castells

A

social networks are self generated in content, self directed in emission and self selected in reception

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39
Q

media convergence

A

the coming together of computing, telecommunication and media in a digital environment

40
Q

information society

A

move away from industrial society as technology is critical for the modern workplace

41
Q

advantages of social media

A
  • communication builds relationships
  • helps change movements and gives people power
  • choose our identity away from physical bodies
42
Q

disadvantages of social media

A
  • isolation from real life and affects offline relationships
  • we become addicted to our devices
  • grooming, abuse, cyberbullying and crime
  • false information
43
Q

Rosenblatt and Tushnet (2015)

A

young women who create fan-works of characters to fit their own narratives helped them develop selfhood emotional maturity and professional skills

44
Q

negative impacts on identity

A
  • limits creation of identity due to the need of validation
  • limits face to face contact
  • creates fragmented identities
  • addiction and online bullying
  • our posts could be interpreted wrongly
45
Q

UK Education Policy Institute

A

37% of UK 15 year olds classed as ‘extreme’ internet users

46
Q

Sherry Turkle

A

‘alone together’

  • we want control over how we present ourselves
  • people now prefer texting over talking
  • constant connection makes us feel less alone
47
Q

social media effect on young people

A
  • never switched off from it
  • children using smartphones are getting younger
  • many children are overdependent on likes and comments for validation
48
Q

Molly Russell

A

a 14 year old who took her own life, she followed lots of accounts about depression and self harm on Instagram

49
Q

Zhao (2006)

A

talking to people has a positive correlation to social ties which strengthen relationships but surfing the internet has negative correlations to social ties

50
Q

Miller (2011)

A

facebook is used to create relationships but also breaks up relationships

51
Q

Clayton

A
  • spoke to 581 Twitter users of all ages
  • found that more active individuals were more likely to report conflicts with their partners
  • conflicts over time spent on it or what was said online
52
Q

Shaw and Grant (2002)

A
  • participants engaged in chat sessions with an anonymous partners
  • over this time loneliness and depression significantly decreased
  • social support and self esteem increased significantly
53
Q

positive impact on relationships

A
  • strong social ties online
  • removal of physical barriers
  • new opportunities to meet new people
54
Q

negative impact on relationships

A
  • lack of privacy
  • coming into contact with people you don’t want to
  • offline relationships suffer as a result
55
Q

Robards and Bennet - my tribe

A

study of a small number of uni students found connections can be made beyond class boundaries which existed previously

56
Q

Zygmunt Bauman

A

we are now living in an age of uncertainty and risk, full of wasted time, addiction, narcissism etc.

57
Q

Vaterlaus (2012)

A

parents and adolescent connectedness in families can be affected and they become less engaged

58
Q

muted voice

A

those who are not heard with the new technology

59
Q

Martha Lane

A

older people and lower socio-economic groups are the most affected by the digital divide

60
Q

barriers to getting online:

A
  • access
  • motivation
  • skills and confidence
61
Q

Danny Dorling

A

technology is meant to break boundaries but people are becoming more polarised
e.g. the rich are staying together

62
Q

inequality in education

A

class difference in lockdown has effected children’s education as children are expected to use the internet for learning

63
Q

digital natives

A

younger people who have grown up with technology

64
Q

digital immigrants

A

older people who are not used to the technology

65
Q

OfCom report 2014 - age

A
  • 42% of 65+ are online

- 96% of 16-34 are online

66
Q

Boyle (2007)

A

each generation shows a greater reliance on digital communication, creating a digital generation divide, as young people are more open to learning the new skills needed

67
Q

Berry (2011)

A

most people have non-material, psychological reasons, such as lack of skills or interests, for why they’re not online

68
Q

Li and Kirkup (2007)

A
  • sample of Chinese and British students
  • men in both were more likely to use email/chat rooms and play computer games
  • men said using computers was a male skill
69
Q

OfCom 2016 - disability

A

25% of disabled adults in the UK have never used the internet

70
Q

reasons for a global digital divide

A
  • Religion
  • censorship
  • language
  • physical access
  • economy
  • political
  • education
71
Q

Herbet Marcuse (1964) - marxist

A

state and consumerist forces control the media and modern technology represent new forms of social control

72
Q

a ‘big brother’ society

A

big companies use surveillance as a threat to civil liberty and to control society

73
Q

Marxist view on technology

A

it’s another way the ruling class exploit and control the working class as it’s a new ideological state apparatus and encourages passive acceptance

74
Q

Cornford and Robbins (1999) - marxist

A

it’s presented as open communication to create greater equality but it’s really controlled by the ruling class

75
Q

The Snowden report (2013)

A

the US and British government had been accessing private communications, claiming it was in the interests of ‘national security’

76
Q

effects of technology under capitalism:

A
  • profits for those who own and control
  • intensification of labour
  • prolonged working day
  • time wasted online
77
Q

Zuboff - marxist

A

everything we do in our daily lives is recorded and used by companies for their benefit and this form of capitalism controls our interior lives

78
Q

positives for feminists

A
  • online movements for female empowerment
  • collective and inclusive as easy access
  • create new identities away from societies limits
  • online activism has become much more important
79
Q

Kira Cochrane

A

59% of mumsnet users consider themselves feminists

80
Q

MeToo movement

A

this was started online for women to speak out about sexual harassment they have faced, and lead to victims speaking out about Harvey Weinstein

81
Q

Julia Schuster

A

online activism is often the presence of the young

82
Q

negatives for feminists

A
  • negative effect on body image
  • pornography and exploitation of women
  • cyberbullying and abuse
  • under representation of women in media
83
Q

Haraway (1985) - feminist

A

‘a cyborg manifesto’

technology allows women to create new forms of identity not bound by traditional, patriarchal standard

84
Q

Nakamura (2011)

A

women from a range of ethnic minorities are gaining on increasing online presence

85
Q

Twitter research into misogyny

A
  • 3 week period of tweets were measured

- 6,500 individuals were targeted by 10,000 aggressive, misogynistic tweets

86
Q

Opinium research into online abuse

A
  • survey of more than 1,000 young people
  • almost half of girls report abuse
  • 2/5 boys report abuse
87
Q

generational divide - feminism

A
  • 40 interviews with women of all ages
  • older women weren’t aware of younger women’s activism online
  • they were worried that people would not carry on the feminism work
88
Q

postmodernists

A
  • positive about new technology
  • social media brings diversity
  • there’s incessant choice of platforms
89
Q

Baudrillard

A

we live in a social media saturated society where people respond to media images rather than to real people

90
Q

downside to media - postmodernists

A
  • exposure to multiple realities makes life seem meaningless
  • what we see on the media is distorted
  • we no longer know what is real or not
91
Q

positives for postmodernists

A
  • we can represent ourselves online however we like
  • its a new form of capitalism as we are prosumers
  • transcends physical and global boundaries
  • we can pick and choose from lifestyles from the media
92
Q

negatives for postmodernists

A
  • more surveillance in the UK than anywhere else
  • our movements and digital footprint is tracked
  • ‘sharenting’ people become obsessed with posting their lives online
93
Q

Foucalt

A
  • surveillance is psychological authority instead of physical
  • used as a deterrence
  • removes our freewill
94
Q

Anthony Elliot

A
  • there’s a constant pressure to redesign our lives
  • 4 stages; reinvention, change, speed, short termism
  • new risks from this reinvention society
95
Q

cybercrime

A
  • more than 5.8 million incidents of cybercrime in 2015

- 1 in 10 adults have been victims of it

Sociology (12 decks)

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