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PSYC1016 > Social Cognition > Flashcards

Social Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

define social cognition

A

Structures and processes involved in interpreting, and acting on social information.
Emphasis on personal subjective experience of the environment.

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2
Q

define social psychology

A

Scientific study of ‘how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others’.

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3
Q

what is impression formation

A

assigning characteristics to others

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4
Q

what are the 3 ways of acquiring knowledge

A

nativism, empiricism, Kantian synthesis

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5
Q

what is the nativist view

A

knowledge is innate with an emphasis on evolution / genes

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6
Q

what is the empiricist view

A

All knowledge through senses and emphasis on experience/ reflection based on experience

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7
Q

what is Kantian synthesis

A

Knowledge acquired through experience

Experience structured through innate schemata

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8
Q

What is Asch’s configuration model

A

People make holistic judgments based on specific information

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9
Q

what are central traits and what are their uses

A

characteristics disproportionally influential in impression formation.
Useful for organising large amounts diverse information about a person

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10
Q

give 3 biases in impression formation

A

primacy effect, negativity bias, halo effect

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11
Q

what is the primacy effect

A

earlier information has stronger influence than later

information

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12
Q

what is a negativity bias

A

neg information has stronger influence than

pos information – especially for sociability and morality issues

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13
Q

what is the halo effect

A

assumption that person possessing some positive

(or neg) characteristics, will also possess further but unknown positive (or negative) qualities.

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14
Q

Define schema

A

mental framework that organises and synthesises information

contain info about attributes and the relationship between attributes.

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15
Q

how do schemas influence our social perception

A

by guiding our expectations

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16
Q

how are schemas categorised

A

into prototypes and exemplars

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17
Q

what is a prototype

A

abstract fuzzy set of attributes- no category member needs to possess all attributes

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18
Q

what is an exemplar

A

specific instance of category

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19
Q

what are the 3 types of group schema

A

prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination

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20
Q

what is prejudice

A

emotional aspect of group schema; generalised attitude towards members of a social group

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21
Q

what is stereotyping

A

cognitive aspect of group schema ;generalised belief about the members of the group

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22
Q

what is discrimination

A

behavioural aspect of group schema; behaviours directed toward others because of group membership

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23
Q

what is stereotype suppression; give a study example

A

Macrae et al. (1994).
Based on ironic theory of thought suppression (Wegner, et al., 1987).
participants asked to not think about white bears for 5 minutes, then asked to think about them for 5 minutes- suppress then express

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24
Q

what is the rebound effect, incl. case of stereotypes

A

suppressing the stereotype leads to stronger link between category and stereotype, thus higher automaticity in mind

25
Q

define self knowledge

A

Possible ways to acquire self-knowledge

26
Q

what are the 3 types of self knowledge

A

SFP; self perception theory; social comparison theory

27
Q

what is an SFP

A

Others’ expectations can cause us to behave in a way that is confirming those expectations

28
Q

what is the self perception theory and who proposed it

A

Bem, 1972

Learn about ourselves by observing how we behave

29
Q

what is the social comparison theory and who was it proposed by

A

Festinger, 1954
people need to feel confident about the validity
of their perceptions, etc.
achieved when people similar to us agree with us.

30
Q

what is the attribution theory

A

explanation of how develop a common- sense causal understanding of human behaviour

31
Q

Give 2 different causes for behaviour by Heider (1958)

A

Situational factors of external stimuli in the environment

Dispositional factors of internal, individual personality characs

32
Q

What is Kelley’s covariation theory

A

attributions made using principles of consistency, consensus and distinctiveness

33
Q

What is internal attribution

A

high consistency+low consensus+low distinctivenses

34
Q

what is external attribution

A

high consistency+high consensus+high distinctiveness

35
Q

what is circumstances attribution .

A

low consistency+low consensus+high distinctiveness

36
Q

What are the 4 attributional biases

A

actor observer effect
fundamental attribution error
false consensus
self serving bias

37
Q

What is the actor observer effect and why does it occur

A

As actor: perceive our behaviour as influenced by our situation (variable)
vs
As observer: perceive behaviour of others as due to their dispositions (stable)
Depends on information available to us when we consider what we are looking at

38
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to consider behaviour to reflect underlying and often innate properties of people

39
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error also known as

A

LE correspondence bias

40
Q

define false consensus and why it occurs

A

tendency for people to believe that their own
behaviour is widely shared and that their own views are
consensual as surround ourselves with similar others

41
Q

define a self serving bias

A

tendency to attribute one’s success to dispositional characteristics and failures to situational factors

42
Q

what is a cognitive shortcut and why are they used

A

allow for less resources to be used to make a judgment by using heuristics
use when have limited cognitive resources,

43
Q

what are the 3 types of cognitive shortcuts

A

Representativeness Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
Anchoring and adjusting

44
Q

what is a heuristic

A

mental shortcuts used to make judgments, past

experience used for a quick decision

45
Q

define representativeness heuristic

A

Classifying something as belonging to a certain
category to the extent that it is similar to the typical case
or
Comparison of a situation/individual with prototypes we hold

46
Q

define availability heuristic

A

estimated likelihood of event by ease event comes to mind

47
Q

what is anchoring and adjusting

A

estimates are made by starting with an initial value, adjusted to reach an answer.

48
Q

what is the likely bias resulting from anchoring and adjusting

A

anchor inaccurate/ too low so adjustment too small

49
Q

what are the types of schema

A 
Person
Self 
Role 
Event (script)
Content-free
50
Q

why do we categorise schemas

A

to active the related schema

51
Q

how are schemas acquired

A

through exposure to instances of the category

52
Q

what is interaction attribution

A

high consistency+low consensus+high distinctiveness

53
Q

what are the advantages/disadvantages of cognitive shortcuts

A

Speed but Not always accurate

54
Q

what does high or low consistency mean

A

high means self nearly always behaves like this

low means self seldom behaves like this

55
Q

what does high or low consensus mean

A

high means most others behave in this way

low means not many others behave in this way

56
Q

what does high or low distinctiveness mean

A

high means self does not behave like this in most other situations
low means self does behave like this in most other situations

57
Q

what is ironic thought suppression

A

When instructed to EXPRESS or think of white bears after suppression; number of “white bear” thoughts remains high (and even increases with time).
When instructed to think of white bears first the number of “white bear” thoughts diminishes over time
Regardless of when suppression occurs, intruding thoughts do come up

58
Q

what is a problem with representativeness heuristic

A

ignores additional info e.g. base-rate

PSYC1016 (9 decks)

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