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PSYC1016 > Science of Psychology > Flashcards

Science of Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Give 3 contributions from Descartes to psychological foundations

A

Dualism
The malevolent demon
Reflexes

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2
Q

What is dualism and who’s concept is it

A

separation of mind and body; Descartes

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3
Q

Who is the father of modern psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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4
Q

What year was the first experimental laboratory established and where

A

1879; Leipzig in Germany

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5
Q

What is structuralism

A

Studying the structure of the mind to construct such subject matter into a table of elements. Learn about the brain by breaking down elements into basic functions. Relied on introspection

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6
Q

What is introspection

A

breaking down elements into their component structures by training introspectionists to observe stimuli and describe their experiences

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7
Q

Give a flaw of introspection

A

Behaviourists in particular believed their was subjective bias in the reports given

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8
Q

What did Wundt contribute to psychology

A

Introspection; the first lab; structuralism

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9
Q

What is functionalism

A

Protest against structuralism; looking to organism function to understand behaviour.

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10
Q

What is psychology based upon; specify

A

philosophy; animism

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11
Q

What came first, structuralism or functionalism

A

structuralism

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12
Q

Who came up with functionalist psychology

A

James

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13
Q

What was James influenced by

A

Darwin’s theory of evolution

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14
Q

What is behaviourism

A

The scientific study of behaviour; relation between environ and behaviour; what goes on inside mind is irrelevant as cannot be studied

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15
Q

What is the cognitive perspective

A

The scientific study of mental processes. Took notions of Wundt and James and applied rigorous
control procedures to reduce possibility of subjective bias.

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16
Q

What is the humanistic perspective

A

emphasising holism to move away from the reduction of the human being to an “organism” that “responds to environmental stimuli.” emphasises the needs and goals of the individual; free will important

17
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective in psychology

A

Unconscious motivating forces that guide behaviour and
produce our personality. Human personality consists of an id, an ego and superego. Has strong statements regarding human development and particular stages that children go through.

18
Q

What is the biological perspective

A

All behaviour and mental processes can be traced to physical causes. In the brain and nervous system, behaviour is tied to neural activity

19
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective

A

Looks at genetics and sociobiology. Behaviour is determined by genes and the reason for our existence is to reproduce our genes.

20
Q

Give 3 examples of behaviourists

A

Pavlov, Skinner and Watson

21
Q

Give an example of a cognitive psychologist

A

Ebbinghaus

22
Q

Give 2 examples of humanistic psychologists

A

Maslow and Rogers

23
Q

Give 2 examples of psychodynamic psychologists

A

Freud and Jung

24
Q

Give 2 examples of biological psychologists

A

Broca and Wernicke

25
Q

Give 3 examples of evolutionary psychologists

A

Darwin, Dawkins and Wilson

26
Q

What was key about Watson

A

he reacted against the subjective, possibly biased, schools

of structuralism and functionalism.

27
Q

Give 2 behaviourist concepts

A

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

28
Q

What is classical conditioning and who researched into it

A

CS becomes associated with US in order to produce a CR- a learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. Pavlov and Watson

29
Q

What is operant conditioning and who researched into it

A

Behaviour shaped by the consequences of behaviour -

reinforcement and punishment. Skinner

30
Q

What did Ebbinghaus research into

A

memory

31
Q

What is the cognitive revolution

A

prevalence of cognitive psychology in different psychological areas

32
Q

What did Maslow contribute to humanistic psychology

A

The hierarchy of needs

33
Q

What did Rogers contribute to humanistic psychology

A

Client centred therapy and concept of ‘the self’

34
Q

Why is the psychodynamic approach less influential now than in the 1950/60s

A

Difficulty in testing the theories it presents. And some of the notions are far-fetched e.g. penis envy

35
Q

How has the biological approach aided modern psychology

A

Know a great deal about the brain, its
structure, the cells and their function, role of
chemicals in the brain.

36
Q

What has the biological approach become more focussed on

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

37
Q

What 3 things does evolution require to work

A
  1. A self-replicating unit (usually a gene)
  2. Some random variability in its replication (mutation)
  3. Pressure to select on that variability

PSYC1016 (9 decks)

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