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PSYC1016 > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Define perception

A

integration of stimulation from the senses in active process; involves inferences and involves top-down processes.

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2
Q

how is perception different to sensation

A

more psychological and occurs later; sensation is more biological

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3
Q

what are top down processes

A

the involvement of memory, expectations, mood, current context and beliefs on the interpretation of information from the senses.

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4
Q

what does perception allow

A

sensation to become perception

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5
Q

give 2 examples of inference in perception

A

perceptual constancy

brightness contrast

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6
Q

what is perceptual constancy

A

despite variation in the “raw data” received by the brain from the senses, our perception of the world remains remarkably constant.

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7
Q

what 4 perceptions remain the same despite perceptual constancy

A

size
shape
colour
brightness

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8
Q

define brightness contrast

A

perception of brightness depends on the absolute amount of light reflected from surface of an object and on amount of light reflected from other objects in the vicinity.

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9
Q

what is brightness contrast in contrast to

A

brightness constancy

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10
Q

what is a top down process; give 3 examples

A

Filling in the gaps

phonemic restoration, illusory contours, degraded figures

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11
Q

define perceptual set

A

readiness to interpret stimuli in certain way depending on expectations, experience, psychological state.

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12
Q

what are perceptually ambiguous figures

A

figures that can be perceived in 2 different ways.
same “raw material” from the senses different
“interpretations”
can bias interpretation of figure by manipulating perceptual set

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13
Q

what is the proposed argument for perception and reality

A

that we may have adjusted well to a distorted perception of reality and thus are not experiencing objective reality

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14
Q

give an example of research into perception and reality

A

Stratton and his inverted world goggles

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15
Q

what examples are there for arguing we impose our own reality

A

Descartes Malevolent Demon

VR

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16
Q

how do we locate an object with visual perception

A

depth perception

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17
Q

define depth perception and what it encompasses

A

ability to judge distance; encompasses absolute and relative distance

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18
Q

what are binocular depth cues

A

need 2 eyes; for examples convergence or retinal disparity

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19
Q

what are monocular depth cues

A

only need one eye; for example motion parallax or linear relative size

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20
Q

what is convergence

A

eyes move together as object gets closer

muscle tension is a cue to how far away object is

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21
Q

what is retinal/ binocular disparity

A

slightly different views of world presented to each eye interpreted by brain to give depth information.
The further object is, the less the disparity btwn the images projected on the retinas of the 2 eyes

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22
Q

what is motion parallax

A

objects closer to observer appear to move faster

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23
Q

what is relative size

A

size of an object relative to others around it.
must have prior knowledge of size of object
attribute difference in size of retinal image to distance rather than size.

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24
Q

give an example of relative size

A

moon illusion where moon on horizon seems larger so assume objects on horizon are farther away
automatically scale size according to distance

25
Q

what is linear perspective

A

Apparent convergence of parallel lines on the horizon. Converge at vanishing point.

26
Q

what is texture gradient

A

distant objects are denser, less detailed, closer together

27
Q

what is aerial perceptive

A

distant objects fuzzy due to moisture and particles in the air

28
Q

what is occlusion

A

objects occlude others perceived to be closer

29
Q

what are visual illusions; give 3 examples

A

when we are fooled by top down processes

Muller Lyon effec; Ponzo illusion; Ames room

30
Q

what is the Muller Lyon effect

A

depth cues suggest it is closer, the principle of size constancy causes us to see same size retina image as larger
2 lines
similar to moon illusion

31
Q

what is the Ponzo illusion effect

A

linear perspective suggests object is further away; perceptual system makes same size retinal image
seem larger
size constancy
bread on train tracks

32
Q

what is the Ames room illusion

A

all depth cues suggest these people in room are the same distance from the observer; actually they are not

33
Q

what is absolute distance

A

distance btwn observer and object

34
Q

what is relative distance

A

distance btwn objects

35
Q

what are the 3 steps in locating objects using auditory perception

A

Difference in the intensity of sound at the two ears
Overall intensity of sound; if louder: closer
Difference in the time it takes sound to reach different ears

36
Q

what is evidence for the innate nature of auditory perception

A

newborns will turn head to face sound

37
Q

what happens when we do no perceive motion; e.g. stable objects and move our eyes; we see a stable image despite retinal image change

A

Perceptual system compensates for voluntary eye movements.

If move eyes with something other than eye muscles then perceptual system can’t compensate; see object as moving

38
Q

what happens when we do perceive motion e.g. need to distinguish btwn object or observer movement

A

Notice how the background changes relative to object. Moving object occludes objects as it moves; if we are moving then objects appears more stable relative to background.

39
Q

how do the ears help in motion perception during perceived motion

A

discrepancy in sound intensity to each ear gives information about movement

40
Q

what is an example of an illusion of motion

A

apparent motion

41
Q

what is the Phi-phenomenon

A

apparent motion produced by succession of flashing lights

42
Q

what is induced motion

A

if objects near a stationary one are moving, the stationary one appears also to be moving.

43
Q

what is the motion after effect

A

after moving forward for some time and then stop; scenery outside seems like moving backward slightly.

44
Q

what is apparent motion; give 2 examples

A

perceptual system fills in gaps on successive, motionless images
e.g. motion pictures; animation

45
Q

what are the 2 ways we perceive form and are they top down/bottom up processes

A

Gestalt - top down

Feature analysis - bottom up

46
Q

what is the Gestalt process and what does it use

A

can’t understand perception by looking at the whole built up from the parts; must perceive the object as a whole first then analyse the parts
use of perceptually ambiguous figures and filling in the gaps

47
Q

define filling in the gaps

A

the perceptual system wants to make a holistic interpretation; if pieces are missing, fills them in using memory

48
Q

what are perceptually ambiguous figures in Gestalt

A

the Gestalt/organisation can “flip” on you and suddenly a brand new interpretation is obtained

49
Q

how are Gestalts formed

A

Organising Principles

50
Q

what are the 2 organising principles of Gestalt

A

figure/ground principle and grouping principles

51
Q

what is the figure/ground principle

A

the distinction btwn that which stands out (figure) and that which is back(ground)

52
Q

what are the 3 grouping principles

A

proximity
good continuation
closure

53
Q

why can’t you see both Gestalts at once

A

because gestalts “flip back and forth” from one organisation to the next

54
Q

how do Gestalt principles help problem solving, especially with AHA! type problems

A

AHA! type problems organised into a particular Gestalt,
but suddenly “flip” for new interpretation necessary to solve the problem.
from prior experience, fixate on one organisation of problem
Solving the problem involves new Gestalt accompanied by a feeling of eureka or an AHA! experience.

55
Q

give 2 pieces of evidence for the nature explanation of perceptual organisation

A

At 6 months, not go to beckoning mother if there is a visual cliff- shows that infants respond to depth cues

Newborns show preference for shapes resembling
human faces

56
Q

give 2 pieces of evidence fro the nurture explanation of perceptual organisation

A

Feature detectors cells

Perceptual adaptation and Differentiation adaptation

57
Q

what is perceptual adaptation; give an example

A

refers to the ability to adapt to an environment by filtering out distractions
e.g. filter out train sound to sleep at night

58
Q

what is perceptual differentiation; give an example

A

when experience refines perception

e.g. trained musicians can hear subtleties in harmony that others would miss

59
Q

why are feature detection cells evidence for the nature explanation of perceptual organisation

A

because can be trained to be sensitive to particular orientations

PSYC1016 (9 decks)

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