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PSYC1016 > Sensation > Flashcards

Sensation Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation

A

senses gather information about the outside world and produce an internal state
Our senses translate physical energy into something the brain can use

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2
Q

How does sensation differ from perception

A

sensation happens in the beginning stages; perception happens in latter interpretation stages when sensation is translated into knowledge of reality

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3
Q

How many stages of conversion are there

A

4

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4
Q

What happens in stage 1 of conversion

A

Accessory structures modify physical stimulus

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5
Q

What happens in stage 2 of conversion

A

Transduction physical energy is picked up by receptors and

converted into neural energy

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6
Q

What happens in stage 3 of conversion

A

Sensory nerves send transduced neural energy to the brain. First to the thalamus (relay station) then onto different parts of
the cortex

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7
Q

What happens in stage 4 of conversion

A

Sensation is produced once message reaches brain

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8
Q

Give examples of sensations

A

brightness , loudness

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9
Q

Give 2 examples of accessory structures

A

lens of the eye; outer ear

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10
Q

Why are receptors good at transduction

A

Receptors respond best to changes in energy levels,

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11
Q

What happens if receptors don’t respond to changes in energy levels

A

adaptation

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12
Q

what is psychometrics

A

Measuring the Senses and Thresholds

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13
Q

What is noise

A

random excitation or inhibition of neurons that either

increases or decreases the sensed intensity of a physical stimulus

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14
Q

What are 3 implications of noise

A

repeated presentations of the same physical level of
intensity do not always produce the same internal sensation; if a physical signal is doubled, that does
not always produce a doubling of sensation; absolute threshold

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15
Q

What is absolute threshold

A

lowest level of intensity at which person detects stimulus, defined as the physical intensity at which person can detect the stimulus 50% of the time

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16
Q

Define Weber’s law

A

difference threshold increases in proportion to the standard; produces a fraction known as Weber’s law:

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17
Q

What is difference threshold

A

smallest amount of change in a stimulus before a change is detected

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18
Q

Give the equation for Weber’s law

A

change in intensity of stimulus/intensity of standard = C

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19
Q

what is the pitch of sound waves measured in

A

hertz (Hz)

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20
Q

What does the frequency of sound waves show

A

pitch

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21
Q

What is a Weber Fraction

A

when difference threshold increases in proportion to the standard; produces a fraction

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22
Q

What is the amplitude of a sound wave

A

volume

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23
Q

what is the volume of sound measured in

A

decibels (dB)

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24
Q

What is the timbre of a sound wave

A

the complexity or nature of the sound

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25
Q

What are the 3 theories of hearing pitch

A

Place theory, frequency theory, frequency and volley theory

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26
Q

What is place theory

A

different places on the basilar membrane

vibrate more depending on pitch.

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27
Q

What is frequency theory

A

Basilar membrane is like a guitar string. The higher the

frequency of the sound, the faster it vibrates. It is the rate that the hair cells are stimulated that matters

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28
Q

what is frequency and volley theory

A

There is alternation in the firing of hair cells (volleying).
Groups of hair cells fire in alternation, sending a higher
frequency of signal to the brain.

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29
Q

Where in the ear does vibration occur on in place theory

A

basilar membrane

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30
Q

where on the basilar membrane vibrates more at low and high frequencies, respectively?

A 
low= apex
high= base (near oval window)
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31
Q

What does research support show about the place theory

A

artificially stimulating particular areas of the membrane, produces sensations of hearing at different pitches.

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32
Q

Give a problem for place theory

A

Below 1000 Hz, no specific place on the membrane vibrates more than any other. However, can distinguish between tones that are below that frequency.

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33
Q

Give a problem for frequency theory

A

Above 1000 Hz, cell cannot fire any faster (refractory period). However, we can distinguish between tones that are above that
frequency

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34
Q

Give a problem for frequency and volley theory

A

Very high frequencies (e.g., 10,000 Hz) would need very

complex teamwork

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35
Q

What is the physical energy of vision

A

light

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36
Q

What is light measured in

A

nanometers

37
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum

A

the entire range of wavelengths

38
Q

What is visible light

A

part of EMG spectrum that eyes can detect as light

39
Q

What range of light can we see

A

between UV and infrared; 400nm-780nm

40
Q

What are in the retina of the eye

A

photoreceptors

41
Q

what are in photoreceptors

A

substance called photopigment

42
Q

what happens when light is projected onto photoreceptors

A

photopigment contained within it breaks down, initiating transmission of info to brain

43
Q

what happens to the photopigment when it breaks down

A

becomes ‘bleached’ or visibly lighter

44
Q

what are the 2 types of photoreceptor

A

cones and rods

45
Q

what is the photopigment of rods

A

rhodopsin

46
Q

what is the photopigment of cones

A

iodopsin

47
Q

what are cones used for in vision and what is special about them

A

vision in bright light; colour information; fine details. Allows for colour vision. each sensitive to different wavelengths of light

48
Q

what are rods used for in vision

A

vision in dim light; no colour information; few are

located on the fovea

49
Q

how many types of iodopsin are there

A

3

50
Q

how many types of cone are there and why

A

3 because of the 3 types of iodopsin

51
Q

what is the trichromatic theory

A

retina has three types of receptor cells or cones, which react to light of three different wavelengths - red, green and blue. These cells are responsible for the perception of colours.

52
Q

What is the trichromatic theory also known as

A

Young/Helmholtz theory

53
Q

What is additive colour mixing

A

commonly used additive primary colours are red, green and blue, and if you overlap all three in effectively equal mixture, you get white light

54
Q

what sensation do cones sensitive to short wavelengths of light produce

A

blue

55
Q

what sensation do cones sensitive to medium wavelengths of light produce

A

green

56
Q

what sensation do cones sensitive to long wavelengths of light produce

A

red

57
Q

what will colour mixtures cause

A

more than one type of iodopsin to be

bleached.

58
Q

what will a combination of iodopsin breakdown produce

A

a sensation of other colours on the spectrum

59
Q

Give 2 examples of support for the trichromatic colour theory and why

A

Dichromatic colour-blindness - Need both red and green iodopsin to distinguish red from green in the world; dichromats can’t make this distinction
Monochromatic colour-blindness - need more than one type of iodopsin to see colour variation.

60
Q

what is dichromatic colour blindness

A

only have two types of iodopsin: either blue and green or blue and red.

61
Q

what is monochromatic colour blindness

A

only have one type of iodopsin. They see only shades of monochrome -

62
Q

what are problems for the trichromatic theory

A

Dichromats can see yellow- the
sensation when both red and green iodopsin is bleached. How can both be bleached if dichromats don’t have either green/red iodopsin?

63
Q

how are cone photoreceptors organised

A

opponent pairs

64
Q

how is sensation created from photoreceptors

A

Information from rods and cones is conveyed to ganglion cells which send info up the optic nerve to the brain.
The place where optic nerve leaves the eye is known as the optic disk
All information from the eye meets at the optic chiasm which reroutes it to the thalamus, and then to the visual cortex
Information from left visual field goes to right cerebral
hemisphere; information from right visual field to the left
cerebral hemisphere

65
Q

how do the rods and cones convey information to the ganglion cells

A

via bipolar cells

66
Q

What are ganglion cells important for

A

feature analysis

67
Q

What does the optic disk create

A

a blind spot

68
Q

Where is the visual cortex

A

the occipital lobe

69
Q

what is touch

A

the tactile sense

70
Q

what are the 3 receptors involved with touch

A

temperature; pressure; pain

71
Q

what do pain and temperature have in common

A

they’re relative

72
Q

What does it mean for temperature to be ‘relative’

A

At 32 degrees Celsius (physiological zero)
neither warmth nor cold is felt. Above that temperature, we feel warmth, below that temperature, we feel cold.
However, if skin temperature is raised or lowered, what is sensed as hot or cold changes

73
Q

What does it mean for pressure to be ‘relative’

A

Changes in pressure are felt; large adaptation;

don’t feel our wristwatch pressing on our skin except for only a short while.

74
Q

How is pain produced and reduced

A

pain pathways have neurotransmitters
Substance P produces pain; endorphins decrease it.
stimulating parts of brain with electrodes can release
endorphins to reduce pain.

75
Q

how has classical conditioning affected pain

A

endorphins are released in anticipation of pain

76
Q

How may acupuncture work

A

by stimulating endorphins.

77
Q

what is smell

A

olfactory sense

78
Q

what are pheromones

A

chemicals secreted in the body producing a

physiological response

79
Q

Give 2 pieces of evidence of pheromones potentially working in humans

A

Women are asked to dance more often if ovulating

Some evidence that women on the same dormitory floor
“sync up” menstrual cycles (menstrual synchrony)

80
Q

What does olfaction have

A

High Adaptation

81
Q

what does the ability to detect odour drop to over time

A

30%

82
Q

What is the link between 8% of people who lose their sense of smell

A

lose interest in sex

83
Q

What sense is olfaction linked to and give an example

A

Olfaction tightly linked to taste
e.g. the inability to smell during a
bad cold reduces taste sensation

84
Q

What are the main sensors of taste

A

taste buds

85
Q

what is umami

A

the taste of glutamate

86
Q

What is taste sensation said to operate similarly to and why

A

the colour sensation of trichromatic colour theory because there are different output ratios froma . few different receptor cell types that produce multiple sensations .
colour has 3 receptor types; taste has 4 or 5

87
Q

where are taste buds located

A

on surface of tongue; in trenches between papillae

88
Q

What do other factors do to gustation

A

add to flavour of food

PSYC1016 (9 decks)

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