Attitudes

Question 1

Define attitudes

Answer 1

Relative enduring sets of beliefs, feelings and intentions towards ‘object’

Question 2

How many components of attitude are there; list them

Answer 2

3; affective/cognitive/behavioural

Question 3

What is the behavioural component of attitude

Answer 3

intention of behaviour in accordance to attitude

Question 4

What is the affective component of attitude

Answer 4

feelings of dis/like

Question 5

What is the cognitive component of attitude

Answer 5

beliefs held about the object

Question 6

What are 2 examples of attitude formation

Answer 6

classical conditioning and mere exposure

Question 7

Outline the formation of attitudes via classical conditioning

Answer 7

(US) evoking (UR)
Repeated pairing of (US) with (CS)
Results in (CS) evoking (CR)

Question 8

Outline the formation of attitudes via mere exposure and the psychologists involved

Answer 8

stimulus starts as neutral/slightly positive
more often you see it the more you
like it
effect might even be larger when it is subliminal (5ms)
Also applies to people- societal influence directs what you are repeatedly exposed to (limit of possibilities)

Bornstein and D’Agostino 1992

Question 9

List 3 other ways attitudes can be formed

Answer 9

operant conditioning, observational learning, effort justification

Question 10

what is attitude-behaviour consistency

Answer 10

factors influencing likelihood that a people’s attitude will be
consistent with their behaviour

Question 11

What are the 4 factors influencing attitude-behaviour consistency

Answer 11

knowledge
personal relevancy
attitude accessibility
behavioural intentions

Question 12

How does knowledge influence attitude-behaviour consistency

Answer 12

know a lot and it is firsthand knowledge then consistency will be higher

Question 13

How does personal relevancy influence attitude-behaviour consistency

Answer 13

More personally relevant means more consistency as relevance = personal investment

Question 14

How does attitude accessibility influence attitude-behaviour consistency

Answer 14

More accessible means more consistency as easier to bring to mind and act on

Question 15

How does behavioural intent influence attitude-behaviour consistency

Answer 15

Behaviour that is intended/planned gives more consistency as specific aims to act a certain way

Question 16

What is the self-perception theory and who proposed it

Answer 16

Bem, 1965
people infer own attitudes from their behaviour. observe
themselves similar to how observe others; look for
attributional explanations for behaviour.

Question 17

What is cognitive dissonance and who proposed it

Answer 17

Festinger, 1957
Dissonance is an adverse state that motivated to reduce
Behaviour once performed cannot be taken back but attitude can be changed

Question 18

What are the 2 theories on behaviour affecting attitude

Answer 18

self perception theory and cognitive dissonance theory

Question 19

What is dissonance; what are the 3 discrepancies between

Answer 19

tension that arising from perceived discrepancy between:
attitudes and behaviours
behaviour and self-image
one attitude and another attitude

Question 20

What is the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

Answer 20

Dual process theory describing the change of attitudes. Model explains different ways of processing stimuli, why they are used, and their outcomes on attitude change

Question 21

Outline the elaboration likelihood model

Answer 21

Starts with a persuasive communication; if that gives motivation to process persuasion then see if have ability to process; if do have all of these then central route processing occurs; if no to any then takes peripheral route.

Look at message/persuasive attempt.
Motivation affects audience factors; gives a high or low motivation to think about message.
High motivation leads to central route processing focussed on argument quality
Low motivation leads to peripheral route processing focussed on surface level features.
Persuasion outcome from central is lasting change resisting fade/counterattacks
Outcome from peripheral is temporary and susceptible to change