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PSYC1016 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory

A

acquisition, retention, retrieval

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2
Q

What is memory likened to

A

a computer

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3
Q

what is acquisition

A

the process of attending to a stimulus and encoding into memory

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4
Q

what is retention

A

preservation of stored material over an interval

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5
Q

what is retrieval

A

process of getting information back for use

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6
Q

what is the difference between computer and human memory

A

human memory is not passive

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7
Q

how does current context affect the way we remember things

A

current interpretation affects how inference what were doing

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8
Q

what is the MSM and who was it proposed by

A

Memory model consist of 3 different types of storage compartments: a sensory, ST and LT store
Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968

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9
Q

What is sensory memory and what does it encompass

A

Initial presentation of a stimulus, immediately form sensory memory of it
Encompasses iconic (very short; few hundred milliseconds) and echoic memory (about 4 seconds; important for
understanding speech)

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10
Q

what is STM and what does it encompass

A

items that we are currently aware of allows us to experience the world in an integrated fashion; where integrate what just happened into current experience

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11
Q

Give 2 ways items are lost from STM

A

decay and displacement

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12
Q

How can decay and displacement be avoided

A

practising rehearsal

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of rehearsal

A

maintenance and elaborative

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14
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal

A

keeps items active in STM

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15
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal

A

can transfer an item in STM into LTM

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16
Q

what happens if rehearsal isn’t practised

A

almost be completely gone after 20 secs

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17
Q

how can the capacity of the STM be increased

A

Chunking- grouping together to form larger

whole; occurs with expertise

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18
Q

how does information reach LTM

A

from STM through elaborative rehearsal

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19
Q

What are Levels Of Processing in the LTM

A

Memory is determined by how information is processed,

not by STM, LTM ‘box’. can be shallow or deep

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20
Q

What is general LTM knowledge and what is specific

A

Episodic memory is context SPECIFIC.

Semantic memory is general and traces not tied to set context.

21
Q

give 2 examples of encoding specificity

A

Baddeley and the land/water study.

State-dependent Learning- match between “states” (e.g., mood, drug influence) of encoding and retrieval

22
Q

what is evidence of semantic memory

A

semantic priming - if a word is processed

immediately preceding a second related word, the processing of the second word is enhanced.

23
Q

what is passive LTM memory

A

trace driven memory

24
Q

what is the tape recorder analogy

A

parts of tape can drop out/distort, but changes are random so memory is literal re-experiencing of the past when trace retrieved

25
Q

what is active LTM memory

A

schema driven memory

26
Q

what are flashbulb memories

A

occur for surprising, vivid experiences
e.g. disasters or assassinations
Very recoverable memories; many details are available
Whenever someone asks you to recount the details, it’s like replaying the event “tape”

27
Q

what did Bartlett do for active memory

A

developed notion of schema in memory and argued schemas play crucial role
Remembering (1932) - revolutionised the field

28
Q

What did Loftus investigate

A

memory can be affected by post-event information

29
Q

How did Loftus and Palmer interpret their results

A

post-event information alters how the person’s schema and how the original event reconstructed
post-event misinformation can produce false memories of more relevant, personal details

30
Q

Who looked into false confessions and how many types are there

A

Kassin & Wrightsman, 1985

3 types

31
Q

what is a voluntary false confession

A

Voluntary False Confession - an innocent person confesses to committing a crime without external pressure, but s/he does not actually believe in his/her own guilt

32
Q

what is a coerced compliant false confession

A

an innocent person confesses to committing a crime for instrumental gain, but s/he does not actually believe in his/her own guilt (

33
Q

what is a coerced internalised false confession

A

innocent person confesses to committing a crime for instrumental gain, but s/he really believes in his/her own guilt.

34
Q

give 2 examples of studies of false confessions

A

Paul Ingram case

Kassin & Kiechel (1996)

35
Q

what is the recovered/false memory debate

A

Research on the reconstructive (schema-driven) approach to memory suggests that what you believe partly determines what you remember

36
Q

how many core ideas fundamental to repressed memory are there

A

5

37
Q

why must therapists be careful about how they interrogate

A

easy to implant memories

38
Q

what is the STM also known as

A

working or primary memory

39
Q

what is the capacity of the STM

A

limited; (7 + or – 2) items

40
Q

what is shallow processing

A

processing of superficial features; not good memory

41
Q

what is deep processing

A

processing for meaning; results in better memory

42
Q

what does episodic memory do

A

Obeys the principle of Encoding Specificity where best retrieval cues are ones present at time items
learned
Matching the retrieval cues matches the encoding/retrieval context.

43
Q

what does semantic memory do

A

Representations form semantic network
Cluster of related concepts are formed, is schema.
Activation can spread around network; activate one concept and activation spreads to other related concepts

44
Q

define and outline what a trace is

A

what left behind in memory after an event has
occurred.
Can be retrieved at any time after the event
Can deteriorate with time, but fundamentally unaltered by schemas

45
Q

what is a schema

A

a set of expectations about the way the world works

that affects the information we attend to and remember.

46
Q

how does schema driven memory work

A

Memory is not a literal re-experiencing

Depending on current expectations, interpretation and biases, memory of the past will vary.

47
Q

give examples of Bartletts experiments

A

War of the Ghosts

Method of serial reproduction

48
Q

what did Bartlett find from his method of serial reprod experiment

A

Transformations were in the direction of accepted conventional representations. elaborated features until a
recognised form produced, then simplification into
something more conventional
Assignment of a name influences what is reproduced
Preservation of certain details once recognised form is achieved

49
Q

What did Bartlett find from his War of the Ghosts experiment

A

simplification and coherence was achieved by:
Omissions
Rationalisation
Transformation of details into something more familiar and conventional
Changing order of events
fill in unconventional bits with information that was
consistent with their viewpoint

PSYC1016 (9 decks)

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