Social class

Question 1

expletives

Answer 1

swear words

Question 2

multiple negation

Answer 2

using multiple negatives in a sentence

Question 3

overt presteige

Answer 3

social value you get from using standard forms, to comply with those above you in society

Question 4

covert prestige

Answer 4

social value you get from using non-standard forms, to comply with those below you in society

Question 5

convergence

Answer 5

language becomes more similar

Question 6

divergence

Answer 6

language becomes more different

Question 7

code

Answer 7

a form of language

Question 8

genderlect

Answer 8

the language of a gender

Question 9

sociolect

Answer 9

the language of a social group

Question 10

ethnolect

Answer 10

the language of an ethnic group

Question 11

teenspeak

Answer 11

the language used by teenagers

Question 12

polari

Answer 12

secret code used by gay men to communicate when homosexuality was illegal

Question 13

Eckert (Detroit)

Answer 13

Jocks - engaged in school
Burnouts - engaged in immoral behaviour

Jocks used almost all standard forms
Burnouts used predominantly non-standard forms

Question 14

Labov (vineyard)

Answer 14

Martha’s vineyard
members converged to the vowel pronunciation of native speakers when the tourists arrived in order to distance themselves

Question 15

Labov (New York)

Answer 15

Compared the speech of 3 sales assistants in 3 different income stores, and the presence of the post - vocalic rhotic in ‘fourth floor’
- Klein’s - working class- used least
- Macy’s - middle class - used when asked to repeat
- Saks - upper class - used most

Question 16

trudgill

Answer 16

norwich study
pronunciation of the -ing suffix. He asked ppts to estimate how manty times they used standard and non standard forms, and compared to what they actually did
- higher social class, less non standard forms used
- lower social class, more non standard forms used
- women of all classes reported higher usage of standard form than they did
- women used more standard forms than men
- however men of all classes also reported use of standard forms than they actually did

Question 17

petyt

Answer 17

bradford study
- people who were socially aspirational tried to pronounce certain diphthongs differently, leading to the use of the wrong vowel sound (hypercorrection)
- the lower the class, the more likely people are to drop the word-initial H (house)

Question 18

bernstein

Answer 18

restricted and elaborated code
-children of all classes understood both codes
- working class = restricted
- middle and upper class speak using elaborated but can use restricted

Question 19

restricted code

Answer 19

bernstein -
- conjunctions
- context dependent language
- non-standard syntax

Question 20

elaborated code

Answer 20

bernstein
- standard english