Language levels Flashcards
PAPER 1 - Language, the individual and society
positive face threatening acts
damages someone’s self image
verbal verb
communicative actions
abstract noun
intangible objects
Future progressive
Will be -ing (I will be playing)
morpheme
smallest unit of language
euphemism
less harsh way of discussing taboo topic
glottal
hunGRy
subordinate clause
addition to main clause and cannot stand alone
nasal
uses nose (M,N)
Lateral
air past side of tongue (L)
anaphoric references
refer to something previously mentioned in the text
alveolar
tongue is behind teeth (d in day)
mental / stative verbs
perception, cognitive processes and feelings
complex sentence
contains at least one subordinate clause
coordinating conjunction
joins two equal clauses
simple past
- ed (played)
pragmatics
focus on the implied meaning behind an utterance
past perfect progressive
had been -ing (I had been playing)
cataphoric references
refer to something mentioned later on in the text
Present progressive
Am / is -ing (I am playing)
hyponym
more specific part of a larger collection
common noun
general nouns
fricative
push of air (S,F,TH)
types of determiners
- demonstrative (specify what is being referred to)
- definite (specific)
- indefinite (general)
simple sentence
just a main clause
modal verb
verbs which indicate a level of possibility or obligation
back-channelling
speaker passively agrees with whats being said
- ‘yeah’ ‘mhmm’
velar
tongue is pressed against back of mouth (Great)
past perfect
had + ed (I had played)
orthography
study of writing and the rules of writing
- e.g. spelling, capitalisation and punctuation
relative clause
adds more information and begins with a relative pronoun
dysphemism
blunt way to talk about a taboo topic
post-alveolar
tongue is slightly further back from alveolar ridge (SHut)
turn taking
when speakers take turns to speak
Repair
Speaker makes a mistake then corrects it
- ‘Joe was reading - I mean writing’
Present perfect progressive
Have / has been -ing (I have been playing)
Simple future
Will (I will play)
false starts
speaker starts speaking, then stops, then restarts
- ‘John was eati- I saw John eating’
phrase definition
words which are centred around a head word
main verb
main action of a sentence
auxiliary verb
assists the main verb
bilabial
both lips used (b)
intransitive verb
no object
Affricate
starts as affricate and ends as plosive (cheese)
adjacency pairs
pairs of conventional pieces of speech (e.g - ‘hello’ ‘hiya!’)
graphology
study of how aesthetics are produced
dynamic verb
has a definitive start and end
antonym
opposite meaning
base adjective
simplest form of adjective
palatal
roof of mouth (Jungle)
comparative adjective
used to show a difference between two things
hypernym
umbrella term / generic
simple present
infinitive form (I play)
semantic field
group of words / phrases with a common meaning
labiodental
combines lips and teeth (Vase)
material verb
events / actions
denotation
dictionary definition
plosive
quick start and stop of air (D,T,P)
Approximant
mouth parts are close, but do not touch (R,W)
parenthetical clause
exists in parenthesis
superlative adjective
used to indicate the most extreme form
synonym
same meaning
subordinating conjunction
joins a subordinate clause
copular verb
linking
Filler words
words to gain thinking time
- ‘errr’ ‘ummm’
grammar
study of how language is structured with multiple words present
minor sentence
incomplete sentence (doesn’t contain a subject, object and verb)
past progressive
was + ing (I was playing)
sentence types
- interrogative (question)
- declarative (statement)
- imperative (command)
- exclamative (exclamation)
types of phrase
- verb
- noun
- adjective
- adverb
- prepositional
modal auxiliary
verbs which both assist the main verb and indicate possibility
collocates
words that go together (salt and pepper)
connotation
ideas associated with a word
Non-fluency features
disrupt the flow of conversation
negative face threatening acts
attacks someone’s freedom, wants and desires
concrete noun
tangible objects
transitive verb
have a direct object
inflection
added to infinitive to change the tense of a word
4 types of adverb
- time (when)
- place (where)
- manner (how)
- frequency (how often)
Grice’s maxims
- quality (must be truthful / accurate)
- quantity (not too much / little)
- relevance
- manner (clear + polite, not ambiguous)
Future perfect progressive
Will have been -ing (I will have been playing)
Future perfect
Will have -ed (I will have played)
types of morphemes
- free / root (stands alone)
- bound (cannot stand alone)
- suffix bound (after a word)
- prefix bound (before a word)
Present perfect
Have / has -ed (I have played)
proper noun
nouns which require capital letters, like places and names
main clause
core of the sentence which can stand alone
dental
placed on teeth (THink)
compound sentence
2 or more simple sentences joined by conjunction
