social beliefs and judgements Flashcards
priming
happens unconsciously
can manipulate conformity
brief exposure to stimulus meant to influence the response to a second stimulus
activating particular associations in memory
can influence our thoughts and actions (weak effect)
subliminal priming
does not really work
short term
if you are already motivated to engage in that behaviour - has to be to work
ie/ bringing a group in that was thirsty and other and flashed words to do with water. had water after and those thirsty would see those words more
schemas
unconscious
categories of storing info in our head
emotional reactions
unconscious
quick; spontaneous, we just feel the way we feel
expertise
unconscious
develop automatic processing to something we are good at ie/ music and sports
thin slices
snap judgements about other people
thinking certain ways about people without knowing
the limits of intuition
subliminal stimuli only have a minor effect
error prone hindsight
capacity for illusion
reasons for behaviour may/may not be accurate - because they come after
we act and then add reasons for our behaviour - conscious mind tries to come up with excuses
confirmatory hypothesis testing
we assume we have the right answer if we are correct - need to prove ourself wrong
overconfidence phenomenon
we always think we are right
the tendency to be more confident than warranted - to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs
applies to factual information, judgements of other’ behaviour, judgements of own behaviour.
constantly tend to think of theories to prove something happened - but do not stop to test it
fed by incompetence and underestimation of the importance of situational forces
it takes competence to recognize incompetence
if you know more then you realize the gaps in what you don’t know
if you do not know then you have more confidence, because you don’t know what you don’t know
confirmation bias
less complex schemas lead to more extreme judgement and evaluations
perseveration of beliefs
confirmatory hypothesis testing
self-fulfilling prophecy
perseverance of beliefs
- the tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited, we will make up excuses about why certain info is not valid
persistence of one’s initial conceptions, even in the face of disconfirming evidence
confirmatory hypothesis testing
we seek out information that reinforces our preexisting beliefs
remedies for overconfidence
prompt feedback
break up tasks into its subcomponents - forced to think about all parts, helps us understand how long something is going to take
consider disconfirming information
heuristics
mental shortcuts
they mostly work - how we naturally think because we do not have time
thinking strategies that enable quick, efficient judgements
cognitive shortcuts based on experience, that aid in info processing ie/ like a schema
lead to attribution heuristic
attribution heuristic
we are limited in our ability to process information, so we take shortcuts
these shortcuts can lead us to make errors
when heuristics go wrong it leads to this
people assume actions causes because of their effects
leads to casualty vs. situational
representativeness heuristic
the tendency to presume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member
ignores base rate information
we take the few characteristics we know about someone or something and determine whether a member is likely to be a member of a category
ie/ typical country fan
availabilty heuristic
a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory
easier to call upon a schema if it was used recently
underestimate car accidents because they happen all the time so we only hear about the worst
overestimate the frequency of child abductions, plane crashes because we hear about them more often and think they happen more
counterfactual thinking
imaging alternate scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but did not
underlies our feelings of luck
typically more regret over things not done - mostly of the things they did not bother trying
illusory correlation
the perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
makes us make conclusions about things that we shouldn’t
illusion of control
the perception of uncontrollable events such as subject to one’s control or as more controllable than they are
ie/ superstitions making us think we have control
misinformation effect
incorporating misinformation into one’s memory of an event, after witnessing the event and receiving misleading information about it
potential for the creation of false memories
attribution theory
how we explain peoples behaviours
making inferences about them
misattribution
mistakenly attributing behaviour to the wrong cause
dispositional attributions
behaviour is because of internal states of person who formed
situational attributions
factors of a person’s environment
fundamental attribution error
stronger in western society
identified that most observers ignore or minimize impact of pressures and situational constraints and interpret behaviour as caused by peoples intentions, motives or attitudes
the tendency to underestimate the impact to the situation on the behaviour of other people - specifically for other people
two step process for making attributions
identify behaviour and make a personal attribution
adjust that impression to account for situational factors
behavioural confirmation
a type of self-fulfilling prophecy where peoples’ social expectations lead them to act in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations
