Prejudice Flashcards
Definitions
All seperate, but they blend together, hard to isolate one because they all affect each other.
Implicit and Explicit Prejudice
Implicit bias- unconscious bias, difficult to overcome
Modern Racism
Prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways, when it is socially acceptable.
more unacceptable now, so it is expressed in subtle ways
Implicit Racism
Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally.
but still effect person’s behaviour towards minority
Biased Behaviours (Racism)
Employment discrimination-Following formal labeling. ie/ ex con-expect them to behave consistent to label.
-people with non white names are less likely to be called back
Favoritism
Traffic stops-Identity checks, more overwhelming stopped for non white.
Patronization- If you are a minority and being discriminated against and people recognize that, they will be patronizing towards you
Correll study where people decide to “shoot” men who appear on a screen holding a gun or a harmless object
Gender Stereotypes
Often are prescriptive rather than merely
descriptive- come with rules to how you should behave .
-ie/ men more competent, women more considerate.
-a lot of women/men accept these stereotypes without thinking about it
Ambivalent sexism- women subject to.
hostile sexism
type of ambivalent sexism
explicit sexism, women aren’t good/can’t do this. ie/ shouldn’t be in power.bad driver.
benevolent sexism
type of ambivalent sexism
Patronizing, affectionate, chivalrous.
-being nice, because this person isn’t competant. ie/ holding door for women but not men. “this poor women
What’s in a name: Exposing gender bias in student ratings of teaching
one students who though he was male (but wasn’t) got higher marks on character
actual gender didn’t matter just what the students though
Homophobia and Transphobia
older, less educated men are more likely to be homophobic
The 2015 Canadian Trans Youth Health Survey Report, which included 923 trans-identified youth from across Canada, found that:
-Two-thirds experienced incidents of discrimination because of their gender identity.
More than 70% were victims of sexual harassment.
-Nearly half of older transgender youth (18-24) reported cyber bullying
-Nearly two-thirds engaged in self-harming behaviours in the past year
-More than 1 in 3 attempted suicide- allowing to transition (suicide prevention),
Correlates with acceptance.
-70% reported their families did not understand them.
Social inequalities: Justifying the status quo
Unequal status breeds prejudice
Benevolent sexism undermines women’s
performance- leads to a lot of prose.- Drives belief that you aren’t as good, you think you need more support.(self-fulfilling prophecy)
social dominance theory
a motivation to have one’s group dominant over other social groups
ie/ high status professionals
more about your status and your group having the highest
Socialization
source of prejudice
controlling other people.
-The authoritarian personality- if high in this you likely favour obedience to authority.
Excessive concern for power and status.
-Religion and prejudice-for christians, more religious more prejudice you show.
more likely if white too and belonging to fundamental christian groups.
not everybody.
Depends on why you are christian.
-Conformity
institutional supports
Institutional supports for prejudice often unintended and unnoticed.-Create policies that can discriminate.
Prejudice bolstered through overt policies or passive acceptance of the status quo.
Media may reinforce stereotypes-ie/ up to 70s women couldn’t buy mortgage.
Drives perception of women.
Institutional supports
-Institutional supports for prejudice often unintended and unnoticed.-
Create policies that can
discriminate.
Prejudice bolstered through overt policies or passive acceptance of the status quo.
Media may reinforce stereotypes-ie/ up to 70s women couldn’t buy mortgage.
Drives perception of women
Realistic group conflict theory
source of prejudice
—use prejudice against other groups if unfair to justify.
Prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
Social identity
The “we” aspect of our self-concept
feeling superior to others
Ingroups vs outgroups
groups belong to/don’t belong to.
-in-group bias—The tendency to favour one’s own group—feel belonging. Don’t treat outgroups as well
IN-GROUP FAVOURITISM AND ON-LINE GAMING
“Essentially, researchers observed that men who were performing poorly in the game (failing to kill others, dying themselves) made “significantly more negative statements” toward a simulated, female-voiced player than toward any male players. The more poorly male players performed, the more negative comments they made about the female player through their microphones into the game.”
Women receive 10X more negative chats 3X more
Categorization
percieve stimul as members of groups or classes rather than as isolated entities
The act of encoding stimuli as members of classes
Spontaneous categorization—more spontaneous=more stereotyping
Out-group homogeneity effect
Perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members
Less variability in out-group members
Because of limited contact with out-group members contribute to this bias
Don’t see them as much as individuals
Own-race bias
The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race
Comes from early childhood and the faces you are exposed to
Distinctiveness
Members of minorities are more aware of this
Distinctive people:
-Distinctiveness feeds self consciousness
-Meta-stereotypes
-Stigma consciousness
-Vivid cases
Distinctive events foster Illusory correlation— assuming association between that are not related
Attributions
Group-serving bias:
Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviours; attributing negative behaviours to their dispositions (and excusing such behaviour by one’s own group)-if someone from group does something negative( make excuses)
Assuming one person in outgroup is different if they do something positive
Motivation to see the world as just
Just-world phenomenon: The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people
therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Good things happen to good people
Blame people for bad things
Ie/rape victims are at fault, poor people are lazy
Stereotype
a belief/thoughts, cognitive.
Fixed set of characteristics that are attributed to all the members of a group; simplistic and rigid perception of members of one group that a widely shared by others
Prejudice
refers to your feeling, emotions, affective.
A strong like or dislike for members of a specific group
Discrimination
What you are doing, your behaviour.
Overt acts, occurring without apparent justification, that treat members of certain out groups in an unfair or disadvantageous manner.
Prejudgments
guide our perception and
memories
Once we have a stereotype, we have an idea about this group.– we will bias people that fit into this group.
We will notice and remember things that fit this stereotype–but won’t remember things inconsistent.
Subtyping
Thinking of people who deviate
from the stereotype as a special category of people with different properties
Creating Subcategories that serve as exceptions to the rule without threatening overarching stereotype.
can shift our set stereotype, but this change is difficult and gradual
People don’t fit blank stereotype, but thats because they fit in a special category.–allows us to keep main stereotype they are
Subgrouping
Forming a new stereotype about a subset of a group.
Stereotype threat
A disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
persons suspects that they will be judged based on a common stereotype.
can negatively affect their performance.
You are usually aware of stereotypes towards you.
powerful effect on peoples performance.
you don’t have to believe it, just believe that other people believe you
-anxiety is a big factor– so that effects performance– physiological arousal, and hurts working memory
Do stereotypes bias judgments of individuals?
really persuasive and happens unconsciously.
Stereotypes and personal
judgment:
–People often evaluate
individuals more positively
than the groups they
compose.
-Strong stereotypes matter
-Stereotypes bias
interpretations and
memories- effects how you remember situations
comparing out group members behaviours to their own stereotypes
if they match - stereotype is reinforced
mismatch - search of an explanation/attribution
leds to dispositional attribution (this person does not fit stereotype b/c smt about them) - leads to modify stereotype (unlikely) or an atypical group member: for new subtype; main stereotype unchanged (more common. ie/ shes a hockey player so she is different from other women
OR
lead to external attribution (ie/ this women plays hockey because her parents were huge fans, is b/c of her envionment and how she was raised, women are not actually like that - stereotype is unchanged
