Social behavior

Question 1

Conformity

Answer 1

Yielding to real or imagined social pressure

Question 2

Compliance

Answer 2

Yielding to social pressure in one’s public behavior, even though one’s private beliefs may not have changed

Question 3

Obedience

Answer 3

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone of authority

Question 4

Asch experiment of conformity

Answer 4

Test where you see which lines are the same length but everyone around you gives the same wrong answer
- 36.8% conforms

Question 5

Milgram experiment on obedience

Answer 5

Study were the participant gives shocks
- 65% gave the most severe ‘shock’

Question 6

Cooperation

Answer 6

People’s ability to work together toward common goals
- based on unique cognitive abilities

Question 7

Cultural differences in cooperation

Answer 7

Exists because of the sanctioning system within which individuals exist
- Punishment promotes cooperation in societies with high rather than low trust

Question 8

Social Mindedness

Answer 8

Small acts of interpersonal benevolence such as stepping aside on a sidewalk
- considerable cultural variations
- greater social mindedness - prosocial orientations and performance on environmental protection
- cooperation on concerns of worldwide importance

Question 9

Ingroups

Answer 9

Individuals with a history of shared experiences and anticipatory future
- produce a sense of intimicaty, familiarity and trust

Question 10

Outgroups

Answer 10

People who lack ingroup qualities

Question 11

Infrahumanization of outgroups

Answer 11

Beliefs that others lack human qualities
Compate to animals or objects

Question 12

Cultural differences in ingroup/outgroup relationships

Answer 12

Different cultures ascribe different meanings to the nature and function of self-ingroup and self-outgroup relationships
- individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures

Question 13

Individualistic cultures in ingroup/outgroup relations

Answer 13

More: ingroups per person, free expression of thoughts and willingness to treat outsiders as equals
Less: attachment and identity to the group, individual sacrifice for the ingroup and ingroup cooperation, agreeableness, harmony and cohesion

Question 14

Collectivistics cultures in ingroup/outgroup relations

Answer 14

More: attachment and identity to the group, individual sacrifice for the ingroup and ingroup cooperation, agreeableness, harmony and cohesion
Less: ingroups per person, free expression of thoughts and willingness to treat outsiders as equals

Question 15

Relational mobility

Answer 15

The degree of freedom and opportunity a culture affords its members to choose and move among interpersonal relationships

Question 16

Ingroup derogation

Answer 16

Negative attitudes or beliefs about one’s own ingroup

Question 17

Stereotypes

Answer 17

Generalized images people have about others that can either be positive or negative

Question 18

Ethnocentrism

Answer 18

Viewing the world through one’s own cultural filters

Question 19

Types of stereotypes

Answer 19

Autostereotypes: about ones own group
Heterostereotypes: about other groups

Question 20

Prejudice

Answer 20

Tendency to prejudge others on the basis of their group membership
- explicit: public and verbal
- implicit: attitudes, values, beliefs that stay unspoken

Question 21

Implicit prejudice

Answer 21

Historical depictions of people of African descent as apes
- historical rationale for racial hierarchy
- dehumanizing black people

Question 22

Is there an implicit association between black people and apes in contemporary US?

Answer 22

Method: prime white students with apes
Method: measure if priming with apes produces an attentional bias in recognising black faces
- dot probe test for measuring attentional bias

Question 23

Can the activation of the ape-black association justify violence againt black people

Answer 23

• subliminally prime participants with apes/felines
• view a videotape of police violence agains blck/white person –> violence justified?

Question 24

Interpersonal discrimination

Answer 24

Unfair treatmetn of others based on their group membership
- prejudice is thinking/feeling, discrimination is doing

Question 25

Institutional discrimination

Answer 25

Occurs on the level of a large group, society, organization or institution
- known as various -isms
- can exist in explicit norms of an organization

Question 26

Contact hypothesis

Answer 26

Interpersonal meeting across group boundaries reduces prejudice

Question 27

Majority groups in contact

Answer 27

See contact as more equal
- prefer to focus on commoncalities: ‘we are all americans’
- anxious about seen as racist

Question 28

Minority groups in contact

Answer 28

See contact as less equal
- prefer to acknowledge differences and inequalities
- anxious about being target of prejudice