Social behavior Flashcards
Conformity
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure
Compliance
Yielding to social pressure in one’s public behavior, even though one’s private beliefs may not have changed
Obedience
A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone of authority
Asch experiment of conformity
Test where you see which lines are the same length but everyone around you gives the same wrong answer
- 36.8% conforms
Milgram experiment on obedience
Study were the participant gives shocks
- 65% gave the most severe ‘shock’
Cooperation
People’s ability to work together toward common goals
- based on unique cognitive abilities
Cultural differences in cooperation
Exists because of the sanctioning system within which individuals exist
- Punishment promotes cooperation in societies with high rather than low trust
Social Mindedness
Small acts of interpersonal benevolence such as stepping aside on a sidewalk
- considerable cultural variations
- greater social mindedness - prosocial orientations and performance on environmental protection
- cooperation on concerns of worldwide importance
Ingroups
Individuals with a history of shared experiences and anticipatory future
- produce a sense of intimicaty, familiarity and trust
Outgroups
People who lack ingroup qualities
Infrahumanization of outgroups
Beliefs that others lack human qualities
Compate to animals or objects
Cultural differences in ingroup/outgroup relationships
Different cultures ascribe different meanings to the nature and function of self-ingroup and self-outgroup relationships
- individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures
Individualistic cultures in ingroup/outgroup relations
More: ingroups per person, free expression of thoughts and willingness to treat outsiders as equals
Less: attachment and identity to the group, individual sacrifice for the ingroup and ingroup cooperation, agreeableness, harmony and cohesion
Collectivistics cultures in ingroup/outgroup relations
More: attachment and identity to the group, individual sacrifice for the ingroup and ingroup cooperation, agreeableness, harmony and cohesion
Less: ingroups per person, free expression of thoughts and willingness to treat outsiders as equals
Relational mobility
The degree of freedom and opportunity a culture affords its members to choose and move among interpersonal relationships
Ingroup derogation
Negative attitudes or beliefs about one’s own ingroup
Stereotypes
Generalized images people have about others that can either be positive or negative
Ethnocentrism
Viewing the world through one’s own cultural filters
Types of stereotypes
Autostereotypes: about ones own group
Heterostereotypes: about other groups
Prejudice
Tendency to prejudge others on the basis of their group membership
- explicit: public and verbal
- implicit: attitudes, values, beliefs that stay unspoken
Implicit prejudice
Historical depictions of people of African descent as apes
- historical rationale for racial hierarchy
- dehumanizing black people
Is there an implicit association between black people and apes in contemporary US?
Method: prime white students with apes
Method: measure if priming with apes produces an attentional bias in recognising black faces
- dot probe test for measuring attentional bias
Can the activation of the ape-black association justify violence againt black people
- subliminally prime participants with apes/felines
- view a videotape of police violence agains blck/white person –> violence justified?
Interpersonal discrimination
Unfair treatmetn of others based on their group membership
- prejudice is thinking/feeling, discrimination is doing
Institutional discrimination
Occurs on the level of a large group, society, organization or institution
- known as various -isms
- can exist in explicit norms of an organization
Contact hypothesis
Interpersonal meeting across group boundaries reduces prejudice
Majority groups in contact
See contact as more equal
- prefer to focus on commoncalities: ‘we are all americans’
- anxious about seen as racist
Minority groups in contact
See contact as less equal
- prefer to acknowledge differences and inequalities
- anxious about being target of prejudice
