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Poging 2 cultureel > Culture, Health, Mental health and Interventions > Flashcards

Culture, Health, Mental health and Interventions Flashcards

1
Q

Four indicators of health worldwide

A
  • Life expectancy
  • Infant mortality
  • Obesity
  • Subjective well being
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2
Q

Life expectancy

A

Wealth/resources affect average across and within countries
- ethnic majority –> ethnic minority

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3
Q

Infant mortality

A

Number of infant deaths per 1000 live births. Differences attributed to resources (good nutrition, health care, and treatment)
Disparities among ethnic groups

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4
Q

Obesity

A

Body mass index (BMI) > 25 is overweight
BMI > 30 is obese

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5
Q

Subjective well being

A

Perception of health and well being
higher SWB = better healt
Healthier lifestyle
Large country differences
Predicted by: wealth, autonomy, connection to others

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6
Q

Cultural dimensions and diseases

A

Individualism versus collectivism –> heart disease
- individualism vs collectivism
- power distance
- uncertainty avoidance
- masculinity-femininity

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7
Q

Higher power distance in diseases

A
  • higher rates of infections and parasitic diseases
  • lower rates of malignant neoplasm, circulatory disease, and heart disease
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8
Q

Higher individualism in diseases

A
  • Higher rates of malignant neoplasms and heart disease
  • lower rates of infections and parasitic diseases, cerebrovascular disease
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9
Q

Higher uncertainty in deseases

A

Higher rates of heart disease

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10
Q

Avoidance in disease

A

Lower rates of cerebrovascular disease and respiratory disease

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11
Q

Higher masculinity in disease

A

Higher rates of cerebrovascular disease

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12
Q

Biomedical model of health

A

Views disease as resulting from a specific, identifiable cause, a genetic or developmental abnormality, or physical insult

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13
Q

Biopsychosocial model of health

A

Views disease as resulting from biological, social and psychological factors

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14
Q

The concept of balance and imbalance

A

Holistic view
Homeostasis: maintaining steady and stable body functioning during environmental changeso

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15
Q

Body shapes and types

A

Eating disorders because of body shape ideals and dissatisfaction
- heavier preferred in low SES and skinnier preferred in high SES
Cultural values, beliefs and opinions about wealth, beauty and power impact attitudes toward eating, thinness and obesity

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16
Q

Immigrant paradox

A

Immigrants doing better on many health measures despite the hardships
- Researchers attribute this to healthy behaviors, social support and immigrant selectivity

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17
Q

Issues with definin abnormality

A
  • absolutist orientation
  • universalist perspective
  • cultural relativism
18
Q

Absolutist orientation

A

Biological models, invariant symptoms across cultures

19
Q

Universalist perspective

A

Many disorders actually have identical symptoms
- Alzheimer, Parkinson, Schizophrenia, Autism etc.

20
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Disorders can be understood only in the cultural framework within which they occur. Cautions against ethnocentrism

21
Q

Classification

A
  • assessment issues: reliability/validity and diagnostic categories
  • Classification systems: DSM ( CCD and CFI), ICD and CCMD
22
Q

Classification systems

A

DSM: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
CCD: cultural concepts of distress
CFI: cultural formulation interview
ICD: international classification of diseases
CCMD: chinese classification of mental disorders

23
Q

Cultural concepts of distress CCD

A
  • cultural syndromes of distress
  • cultural idioms of distress
  • cultural explanations of distress
24
Q

Cultural syndromes of distress

A

Patterns of symptomes that tend to cluster together for individuals in specific cultural groups, communities or contexts

25
Q

Cultural idioms of distress

A

Ways that cultural groups and communitires communicate and express their distressing thoughts, behaviours and emotions

26
Q

Cultural explanations of distress

A

What cultural groups and communities believe is the cause of the distress, symptoms or illness

27
Q

Issues in cross-cultural assessment of psychological disorders

A
  1. bias and equivalence
  2. child behavior checklist
  3. test interpretation
  4. measuring personality to assess psychopathology
28
Q

Overpathologizing

A

Considering behavior as pathological, when behavior is a normal variation for that individual’s culture
- result of failure in addressing issues of assessment

29
Q

Underpathologizing

A

Indiscriminately seeing behavior as cultural, when behavior actually reflects abnormal psychological response
- result of failure in adressing issues of assessment

30
Q

Schizofrenia

A

International pilot study of schizophrenia
- symptoms: lack of insight, auditory and verbal hallucinations, and ideas of reference
- better recovery in less developed countries
- family and social interactions influence the course of schizophrenia
- hearing voices: culture has an influence on valence, relationship with the voice and category (illness/spirit)

31
Q

Depression

A

Physical, motivatoinal, emotional and behavioral changes
- women > men
- crosscultural symptoms: sadness and joylessness, anxiety, tensions and lack of energy and symproms differ due to variations in stress sources and coping mechanisms

32
Q

Mental health in immigrants

A

Acculturation issues: depression, anxiety, psychosomatic problems, but there is still the immigrant paradox

33
Q

Mental health in refugees

A

Higher posstraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dpression and axiety caused by trauma with a dose effect

34
Q

Origins of psychotherapy

A

Wester origin
- premise: changing our thinking –> changing out behavior
Cognitive behavioral therapy: one of the most common therapies

35
Q

Cultural assumptions of psychotherapy

A

Psychotherapy is less effective for people of non-European descent
- different expressions of abnormality
- different notions of self
- ability of therapist related to cultural knowledge, understanding and appreciation
Goal of psychotherapy: to help eople become more functional within their society

36
Q

Psycotherapy within cultures

A

Psychologist include cultural elements
- culturally modified psychotherapy is more effective than non-modified psychotherapy
- modifications for minority groups within a cultural setting

37
Q

Disparities in receiving treatment

A

Not everyone is equally likely to receive treatment
- between country differences
- within country differences

38
Q

What are barriers and obstacles in psychotherapy

A
  • language barriers
  • stigma and mistrust
  • beliefs about health and illness
  • social validity
  • lack of mental health services
39
Q

How can we remove therapy barriers

A

How do barriers interact with racial or ethnic backgrounds, immigration status, and socioeconomic status
- hire bilingual and bicultural staff
- increase outreach
- flexible hours
- reduce stigma

40
Q

What is the problem and how can we talk about it

A
  • different ways of thinking and expressing thoughts about illness
  • language difficulties
  • variations in communication patterns
  • cultural variations in hierarchy
  • differences in treatment expectations
  • involvement of extended family

Poging 2 cultureel (12 decks)

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