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Poging 2 cultureel > Enculturation and Development > Flashcards

Enculturation and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Shared intentionality

A

Humans have the ability to share intentions with eachother and understand them.
Shared intentionality predisposes us for complex cooperation (Tomasello)

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2
Q

Enculturation

A

The process by which we learn and adopt the ways and manners of our specific culture

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3
Q

Socialization

A

The process by which we learn and internalize the rules and patterns of the society in which we live

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4
Q

Socialization (and enculturation) agents

A

The people, institutionns, and organizations that help ensure that socialization (and enculturation) occur

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5
Q

Universal enculturation/socialization

A

Humans want to be competent, productive adults and members of their group

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6
Q

Culture-specific enculturation and socialization

A

What it means to be competent and productive

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7
Q

Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological systems

A

Microsystem: the individual and immedaite environment
Mesosystem: connections between microsystems
Exosystem: external environment that influences
Macrosystem: attitudes, ideologies and culture (cultural and social factors)
Chronosystem: influence of time

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8
Q

Parenting in different circumstances

A

Cultural differences have effect on parenting in different circumstances, especially during harsh environments

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9
Q

Parents goals, beliefs and parental ethnotheories

A

Goals: explicit goals
Beliefs: ideas about parental roles
Parental ethnotheories: cultural belief systems

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10
Q

Modernization theory

A

Convergence hypothesis
Patterns change with urbanization and industrialization and makes for more individualization

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11
Q

Value of Children (VOC)

A

Why do people have children?
- economic/utilitarian
- psychological

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12
Q

Economic/utilitarian value of children

A

Majority of the world has this as reasoning for children
- less developed
- old age support

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13
Q

Psychological value of children

A

Minority of the world has this as reasoning for children
- love and joy from and for the child

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14
Q

Continued family inter-dependencies

A
  • traditional interdependence
  • independence
  • autonomous-related
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15
Q

Traditional interdependence
- in family

A

Material and emotional interdependence

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16
Q

Independence
- in family

A

Material and emotional independence

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17
Q

Autonomous-related
- in family

A

Material independence but emotional/psychological interdependence

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18
Q

Independence as parenting goal

A

Pursuing own goals and uniqueness
- often in urban middle-class in modern (post-) industrialized societies

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19
Q

Interdependence as parenting goal

A

Maintenance of social hamony, respect towards elders and obedience
- often in rural farmers with no/low formal schooling

19
Q

Autnomous related parenting goal

A

Mixture of Independence and interdependence
- often in urban middle-class in more traditionally interdependent societies

20
Q

Independent parenting strategy

A
  • Face-to-face contact and object stimulation
  • less body contact and body stimulation
  • exclusivity of mother-child dyad
  • baby as equal with individuality, own will and own preferences
21
Q

Interdependent parenting strategy

A
  • more body contact and body stimulation
  • less face-to-face contact and object stimulation
  • tight social network
  • child as apprentice
22
Q

Autonomous-related parenting strategy

A

Mixed strategy of both independence and interdependence
- exclusive mother-child dyad in a tight social network

23
Q

Baumrinds parenting styles

A
  • authorative parenting
  • authoritarian parenting
  • permissive parenting
  • uninvolved parenting
24
Q

Authorative parenting

A

High levels of warmth and high levels of involvement/control

25
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A

Low levels of warmth and high levels of involvement/control

26
Q

Permissive parenting

A

High levels of warmth and low levels of involvement/control

27
Q

Uninvolved parenting

A

Low levels of warmth and low levels of involvement/control

28
Q

Variation in parenting

A

Warmth and responsiveness differ a lot in different parentings
- discipline
- stimulation/teaching

29
Q

Co-sleeping

A

Interdependence: bonding with children
Independence: spouserelationship and self-sufficient children

30
Q

General implications for ageing societies

A
  • individuals in western societies are economically independent
  • care facilities, homes for the elderly
  • ageing societies may require different solutions - and family models
31
Q

Temperament

A

Biologically based style of interacting and responding to the environment that exists from birth
- easy: adaptable, mild
- difficult: intense, irregular
- slow-to-warm-up: infant needs time to make transitions

32
Q

Goodness of fit

A

The degree of which a childs temperament matches the expectations and the values of the parent, environment and the culture
–> What might be difficult in one setting can be adaptive in another!

33
Q

Dimensions of temperament

A
  • activity level
  • smiling and laughter
  • fear
  • distress to limitations
  • soothability
  • duration of orienting
34
Q

Why is temperament different

A

Reasons for differences in temperament from a developmental contextualism perspective
- genetics
- reproductive histories
- environmental and cultural pressures over generations
Cultural experiences of mother during pregnancy
Complex interplay between multiple factors

35
Q

Attachment

A

Special bond that develops between the infant and the primary caregiver
- provides the infant with emotional security
- quality of attachment has lifelonf effects on the relationship with loved ones

36
Q

Bowlby’s evolutionary theory

A
  • Infants have a preprogrammed, biological basis for becoming attached to their caregivers
  • attachment relationship between caregiver and child is a survival strategy
37
Q

Three times of attachment
- Bowlby

A
  • Secure
  • Ambivalent
  • Avoidant
38
Q

Psychological autonomy

A

There are strong emotional bonds between infants and one or few caregivers. Infants are conceptualized as autonomous, unique individuals

39
Q

Hierarchical relatedness

A

Infants in this cultural environment have a sense of security not based on a specific caregiver or relationship, but security within a network of community members

40
Q

Hybrid of psychological autonomy and hierarchical relatedness

A

This cultural model emphasizes unique attachment relationships with one or few caregivers and at the same time, view the social community as another integral part of the network of attachment

41
Q

Piaget’s stage model of development

A

Sensorimotor –> pre-operational –> operational –> postoperational

42
Q

Cultural assessment Piaget

A
  • Piaget’s stages occur in the same fixed order in other cultures
  • cultural variations exist at the age where children in different societies reach thirs and fourt Piagetian stages
  • the order in which children acqurie specific skills within Piaget’s stages varies
  • different societies value and reward different skills and behaviors
43
Q

Stage model of Kohlberg

A

Preconventional
conventional
postconventional

44
Q

Cross-cultural assesment of Kohlberg

A
  • Stage 1 and 2 seem universal
  • highest stage (postconventional) is not convincing
  • people from different cultures reason differently about moral dilemmas

Poging 2 cultureel (12 decks)

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