Enculturation and Development

Question 1

Shared intentionality

Answer 1

Humans have the ability to share intentions with eachother and understand them.
Shared intentionality predisposes us for complex cooperation (Tomasello)

Question 2

Enculturation

Answer 2

The process by which we learn and adopt the ways and manners of our specific culture

Question 3

Socialization

Answer 3

The process by which we learn and internalize the rules and patterns of the society in which we live

Question 4

Socialization (and enculturation) agents

Answer 4

The people, institutionns, and organizations that help ensure that socialization (and enculturation) occur

Question 5

Universal enculturation/socialization

Answer 5

Humans want to be competent, productive adults and members of their group

Question 6

Culture-specific enculturation and socialization

Answer 6

What it means to be competent and productive

Question 7

Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological systems

Answer 7

Microsystem: the individual and immedaite environment
Mesosystem: connections between microsystems
Exosystem: external environment that influences
Macrosystem: attitudes, ideologies and culture (cultural and social factors)
Chronosystem: influence of time

Question 8

Parenting in different circumstances

Answer 8

Cultural differences have effect on parenting in different circumstances, especially during harsh environments

Question 9

Parents goals, beliefs and parental ethnotheories

Answer 9

Goals: explicit goals
Beliefs: ideas about parental roles
Parental ethnotheories: cultural belief systems

Question 10

Modernization theory

Answer 10

Convergence hypothesis
Patterns change with urbanization and industrialization and makes for more individualization

Question 11

Value of Children (VOC)

Answer 11

Why do people have children?
- economic/utilitarian
- psychological

Question 12

Economic/utilitarian value of children

Answer 12

Majority of the world has this as reasoning for children
- less developed
- old age support

Question 13

Psychological value of children

Answer 13

Minority of the world has this as reasoning for children
- love and joy from and for the child

Question 14

Continued family inter-dependencies

Answer 14

• traditional interdependence
• independence
• autonomous-related

Question 15

Traditional interdependence
- in family

Answer 15

Material and emotional interdependence

Question 16

Independence
- in family

Answer 16

Material and emotional independence

Question 17

Autonomous-related
- in family

Answer 17

Material independence but emotional/psychological interdependence

Question 18

Independence as parenting goal

Answer 18

Pursuing own goals and uniqueness
- often in urban middle-class in modern (post-) industrialized societies

Question 19

Interdependence as parenting goal

Answer 19

Maintenance of social hamony, respect towards elders and obedience
- often in rural farmers with no/low formal schooling

Question 19

Autnomous related parenting goal

Answer 19

Mixture of Independence and interdependence
- often in urban middle-class in more traditionally interdependent societies

Question 20

Independent parenting strategy

Answer 20

• Face-to-face contact and object stimulation
• less body contact and body stimulation
• exclusivity of mother-child dyad
• baby as equal with individuality, own will and own preferences

Question 21

Interdependent parenting strategy

Answer 21

• more body contact and body stimulation
• less face-to-face contact and object stimulation
• tight social network
• child as apprentice

Question 22

Autonomous-related parenting strategy

Answer 22

Mixed strategy of both independence and interdependence
- exclusive mother-child dyad in a tight social network

Question 23

Baumrinds parenting styles

Answer 23

• authorative parenting
• authoritarian parenting
• permissive parenting
• uninvolved parenting

Question 24

Authorative parenting

Answer 24

High levels of warmth and high levels of involvement/control

Question 25

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 25

Low levels of warmth and high levels of involvement/control

Question 26

Permissive parenting

Answer 26

High levels of warmth and low levels of involvement/control

Question 27

Uninvolved parenting

Answer 27

Low levels of warmth and low levels of involvement/control

Question 28

Variation in parenting

Answer 28

Warmth and responsiveness differ a lot in different parentings - discipline - stimulation/teaching

Question 29

Co-sleeping

Answer 29

Interdependence: bonding with children Independence: spouserelationship and self-sufficient children

Question 30

General implications for ageing societies

Answer 30

- individuals in western societies are economically independent - care facilities, homes for the elderly - ageing societies may require different solutions - and family models

Question 31

Temperament

Answer 31

Biologically based style of interacting and responding to the environment that exists from birth - easy: adaptable, mild - difficult: intense, irregular - slow-to-warm-up: infant needs time to make transitions

Question 32

Goodness of fit

Answer 32

The degree of which a childs temperament matches the expectations and the values of the parent, environment and the culture --> What might be difficult in one setting can be adaptive in another!

Question 33

Dimensions of temperament

Answer 33

- activity level - smiling and laughter - fear - distress to limitations - soothability - duration of orienting

Question 34

Why is temperament different

Answer 34

Reasons for differences in temperament from a developmental contextualism perspective - genetics - reproductive histories - environmental and cultural pressures over generations Cultural experiences of mother during pregnancy Complex interplay between multiple factors

Question 35

Attachment

Answer 35

Special bond that develops between the infant and the primary caregiver - provides the infant with emotional security - quality of attachment has lifelonf effects on the relationship with loved ones

Question 36

Bowlby's evolutionary theory

Answer 36

- Infants have a preprogrammed, biological basis for becoming attached to their caregivers - attachment relationship between caregiver and child is a survival strategy

Question 37

Three times of attachment - Bowlby

Answer 37

- Secure - Ambivalent - Avoidant

Question 38

Psychological autonomy

Answer 38

There are strong emotional bonds between infants and one or few caregivers. Infants are conceptualized as autonomous, unique individuals

Question 39

Hierarchical relatedness

Answer 39

Infants in this cultural environment have a sense of security not based on a specific caregiver or relationship, but security within a network of community members

Question 40

Hybrid of psychological autonomy and hierarchical relatedness

Answer 40

This cultural model emphasizes unique attachment relationships with one or few caregivers and at the same time, view the social community as another integral part of the network of attachment

Question 41

Piaget's stage model of development

Answer 41

Sensorimotor --> pre-operational --> operational --> postoperational

Question 42

Cultural assessment Piaget

Answer 42

- Piaget's stages occur in the same fixed order in other cultures - cultural variations exist at the age where children in different societies reach thirs and fourt Piagetian stages - the order in which children acqurie specific skills within Piaget's stages varies - different societies value and reward different skills and behaviors

Question 43

Stage model of Kohlberg

Answer 43

Preconventional conventional postconventional

Question 44

Cross-cultural assesment of Kohlberg

Answer 44

- Stage 1 and 2 seem universal - highest stage (postconventional) is not convincing - people from different cultures reason differently about moral dilemmas