Enculturation and Development Flashcards
Shared intentionality
Humans have the ability to share intentions with eachother and understand them.
Shared intentionality predisposes us for complex cooperation (Tomasello)
Enculturation
The process by which we learn and adopt the ways and manners of our specific culture
Socialization
The process by which we learn and internalize the rules and patterns of the society in which we live
Socialization (and enculturation) agents
The people, institutionns, and organizations that help ensure that socialization (and enculturation) occur
Universal enculturation/socialization
Humans want to be competent, productive adults and members of their group
Culture-specific enculturation and socialization
What it means to be competent and productive
Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological systems
Microsystem: the individual and immedaite environment
Mesosystem: connections between microsystems
Exosystem: external environment that influences
Macrosystem: attitudes, ideologies and culture (cultural and social factors)
Chronosystem: influence of time
Parenting in different circumstances
Cultural differences have effect on parenting in different circumstances, especially during harsh environments
Parents goals, beliefs and parental ethnotheories
Goals: explicit goals
Beliefs: ideas about parental roles
Parental ethnotheories: cultural belief systems
Modernization theory
Convergence hypothesis
Patterns change with urbanization and industrialization and makes for more individualization
Value of Children (VOC)
Why do people have children?
- economic/utilitarian
- psychological
Economic/utilitarian value of children
Majority of the world has this as reasoning for children
- less developed
- old age support
Psychological value of children
Minority of the world has this as reasoning for children
- love and joy from and for the child
Continued family inter-dependencies
- traditional interdependence
- independence
- autonomous-related
Traditional interdependence
- in family
Material and emotional interdependence
Independence
- in family
Material and emotional independence
Autonomous-related
- in family
Material independence but emotional/psychological interdependence
Independence as parenting goal
Pursuing own goals and uniqueness
- often in urban middle-class in modern (post-) industrialized societies
Interdependence as parenting goal
Maintenance of social hamony, respect towards elders and obedience
- often in rural farmers with no/low formal schooling
Autnomous related parenting goal
Mixture of Independence and interdependence
- often in urban middle-class in more traditionally interdependent societies
Independent parenting strategy
- Face-to-face contact and object stimulation
- less body contact and body stimulation
- exclusivity of mother-child dyad
- baby as equal with individuality, own will and own preferences
Interdependent parenting strategy
- more body contact and body stimulation
- less face-to-face contact and object stimulation
- tight social network
- child as apprentice
Autonomous-related parenting strategy
Mixed strategy of both independence and interdependence
- exclusive mother-child dyad in a tight social network
Baumrinds parenting styles
- authorative parenting
- authoritarian parenting
- permissive parenting
- uninvolved parenting