Acculturation Flashcards
Acculturation
Comprehends those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups
–> Changing a culture with another culture
10-item acculturation index
- respondent lived in town rather than in the countryside
- respondent had had military service experience
- respondent owned a TV set
- respondent reported a close Anglo friendship
- English was spoken as the main language in the respondents home of orientation
- English is spoken as the main language in the respondent’s present home
- respondent has membership in a formal group, club, or organization
- respondent had lived in two or more other communities
- respondent voted in the 1960 election
- respondent lived in a nuclear rather than extended family
Assesment of acculturation index
‘These changes can be conceptualized as an attempt, conscious or unconscious, on the part of the subordinate group to obtain through adoption of the dominant group’s culture social acceptance, respect. prestige, physical pleasure, and other benefits of full group membership and participation’
Who acculturate
The factors that play into it are mobility and voluntariness
- ethnoculural groups
- indigenent people
- immigrants and sojourners
- refugees and asylum seekers
Ethnocultural groups
Groups that voluntarily acculturate with new coming cultures
Indigenent people
Groups who do not want to acculturate with new cultures in their own area
Immigrants (permanent) and sojourners (temporary)
Groups who voluntarily acculturate and do so by moving to other cultural spaces
Refugees (permanent) and asylum seekers (temporary)
Groups who do not want to acculturate but have to move due to them seeking refugee etc.
Cultural maintenance
Maintaining characteristics of own (heritage) culture
Cultural adoption
Adopting characteristics of the culture of the (host) society of settlement
Unidimensional conceptualization of acculturation
Acculturation as a line from cultural maintenance to cultural adoption
What does the unidimensional conceptualization of acculturation imply
- loss of heritage culture, oneway street (you only move toward adoption)
- bicultural competence only as a transition
Bidimensionl conceptualization of acculturation
People can switch between their own and the new culture in different ways
- integration
- seperation
- assimilation
- marginalization
Integration of cultures
High amount of maintenace of own culture and high amounts of adaption to the new culture as well
Seperation of cultures
High amount of maintenance of own culture and low amounts of adaption to the new culture
Assimilation of cultures
Low amounts of maintenance of own culture and high amounts of adaption to the new culture
Marginalization of cultures
Low amounts of maintenance of own culture and low amounts of adaption to the new culture
Majority group acculturation orientations
- Interactive Acculturation Model IAM
Two dimensions that can lead to:
- integration
- assimilation
- segregation
- exclusion or individualism
Dimension 1 op IAM
Do you find it acceptable that immigrants maintain their cultural identity
Dimension 2 of IAM
Do you accept that immigrants adopt the cultural identity of the host community?
Integration of dimensions
Accept both the maintenance and adoption af culture in immigrants
Assimilation of the dimensions
Accepts the adoption of culture, but not the maintenance of own culture in immigrants
Segregation of the dimensions
Accepts the maintenance of own culture, but the adoption of the host culture in immigrants
Exclusion and individualism in the dimensions
Accepts neither the adoption or maintenance of either cultures in immigrants
Fusion Model
- LaFromboise
Answers the question of the possiblity of new cultures when two cultures meet –> It is possible
- the combination of cultural maintenance and adoption can lead to new cultures
Domain specificity in acculturation
Originate from trait models –> people decide what their acculturational orientation is going to be in specific situations
- superordinate level (public and private)
- ordinate level (more specific life domains)
- subordinate level (specific situations)
Acculturation framework
- Acculturation conditions
- Acculturation orientations
- Acculturation outcomes
Acculturation conditions
- Characteristics of the receiving society
- Characteristics of the society of origin
- Characteristics of the immigrant group
- Personal characteristics
Acculturation orientations
- Cultural adoption
- cultural maintenance
Acculturation outcomes
- psychological well-being
- socio-cultural competence in majority culture
- socio-cultural competence in ethnic culture
Assessment of acculturation
- one statement –> unidimensional
- two statements –> bidimensional
- four statements (4 based on 2)
- Vignettes
One statement assessment of acculturation
You decide you current acculturation orientation based of one statement
- efficient
- limited
Two statement assessment of acculturation
You decide your current acculturation orientation based on two statements
Four statement assessment of acculturation
One item for each of the 4 acculuration orientations
- double-barreled (complex and asks two things at the same time)
Vignette method of assessment of acculturation
Story on a specific acculturation orientation and participants indicate their level of agreement
Familial context to acculturation
- family dynamics influence the acculturation process
- Often acculturation gap between parents and children
- family cohesion - positive outcome for young people
–> the way a family chooses to acculturate impacts individual acculturation
Family dynamics incfluence acculturation
- Family cultural practices and religion language and the parent’s maintenance expecatation have a positive influence on the youth’s own maintenance, which in turn has a positive incluence on psychological well being
- Parent’s adoption expectations have an positive influence on the youth’s own adoption, which in turn has a positive influence on social functioning
Gap in acculturation leading to negative consequences
- Acculturation gap les negative consequences with open communication
- depends also on father-adolescent communication
Acculturation context young people
School provides an important and influential context for acculturation
- strong assimilation creates tension and can lead to separation while perceived social support multicultural policies, equal treatment facilitate integration, school achievement and beloging
Acculturation context adults
The work environment can similarly affect acculturation and adaption
- culturally diverse organizations with multicultural policies and practives foster greater inclusiveness and achieve greater engagement
Policies of diversity and equality
- Multiculturalism
- Colorblindness
- Assimilationism
Multiculturalism
Acknowledge and value group membership and diversity
Colorblindness ethnicities
- Downplay differences
- Emphasize individuals
- Equal treatment individually
Assimilationism
- Majority as the norm
- Minority adopts to the majority
Diversity and equality in general schools
For majorities lead to more achievement and more school belonging
For minorities lead to less achievement and less school belonging
Diversity and equality in multicultural schools
The acculturation gap is more closed and that makes for an equal amount of belonging and more achievement in minorities as well
Diversity and equality in less colorblind schools
The acculturation gap is more closed and that makes for an equal amount of achievement and more school belonging in minorities as well
Diversity and equality in less assimilationist schools
The acculturation gap is more closed in school belonging, but changes nothing in achievement
Equal treatment on school performance
Equal treatment causes higher school engament and motivation which causes better performance
Majority ideologies of diversity and minority engagement
Multiculturalism in majorities causes more engagement with minorities. But colorblindness in majorities causes less engagement with minorities
Social context in diversities
- acceptance of diversity, acculturation expectations, and multicultural policies
- Impact acculturation orientations
- how acculturation relates to adaptive outcomes
Comparing identification patterns
- ethnic identification
- national identification
- religious identification
- city identification
Identity conflict
The identification patterns are not in line with eachother –> ethno-religious with civic
- for example a higher ethnic identification comes with a lower national identificaiton
Identity compatibility
The identification patterns align really well with eachother –> ethno-religious with civic
- for example a higher ethnic identitiy comes with a higher national identity as well
Compartmentalized identity pattern
The ethno-religious identities (ethnic and religious) are unrelated to their civic identities (national and city)
Discrimination as an identity conflict
In different cities there are different levels of minority discrimination –> here there is also more identity confliction
Tridimensional Acculturation
Expatriate orientation is more important than both host and heritage culture orientation among international students
Remote Acculturation
Acculturation without being a migrant –> modern form of non-migrant acculturation via globalization
- positive and negative health implications
Outcomes of remote acculturation
- in Jamaica
- stronger European-American orientation
- lower Jamaican orientation
- lower family obligations
- greater conflict with parents
Intervention program JUS (Jamaica and United States) media
- agressive advertising in Jamaica
- Food-focused mdedi literacy programme with 7th graders and mothers, over 8 weeks
- question food messages in media and advertising, especially US cable, eat smarter and healthier
Return migration
- 85% of the 1 million Greeks, who migrated to West Germany between 1960-1984, returned home
- Every year 40.000 migrant of Turkish origin return to Turkey from Germany
- between 2006 and 2011 more have migrated to Turkey than migrated to Germany
Types of Return Migration
- return of failure = immigrants cannot adapt and go back
- return of conservatism = come to make money/other goals and then go back
- return of retirement
- return of innovation = form an agent for change in the home country
Outcomes of return migration
- pre-remigration perception: nostalgia and frozen culture
- almanci stigmatization (German-like)
- Generational differences: younger –> 2nd generation
- Reacculturation: acculturation orientation in former host society relevant
