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CPCE/NCE Prep > Social and Cultural Diversity > Flashcards

Social and Cultural Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Culture

A

habits, customs, art, religion, science, political behavior of a given group of people during a given period of time
- dynamic: each culture changing/evolving at its own rate

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2
Q

Macroculture

A

the dominant/majority culture

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3
Q

Microculture

A

the smaller/nondominant culture

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4
Q

Cultural humility

A

a way to view cultural competency as an ongoing process and not an end product
- you need a lifelong commitment to self-evaluation; fix power imbalances where they should not exist; develop partnerships to advocate for others

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5
Q

Demographics of US

“Hispanic” encompasses more than 20 nationalities including

A

Mexican and Puerto Rican as largest groups
over 60 million total

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6
Q

Demographics of US

By 2050, all minority groups combined will…

A

become larger than the non-Hispanic White population

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7
Q

Demographics of US

What percent of the population over 4 years of age speak a language at home other than English?

A

21%

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8
Q

Demographics of US

Median age of the US population is over…

A

38

Non-Hispanic whites are the oldest group

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9
Q

Demographics of US

Baby boomers

A

born between 1946 and 1964
- over 10,000 Baby Boomers reach 65 every day
- over 16% of population is over 65

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10
Q

Demographics of US

Baby busters
Generation X

A

born between 1946 and 1964
- characterized by seeking stimulation, wanting the facts - the right answers, wanting exciting/non-boring jobs, keeping options open

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11
Q

Demographics of US

Millennials

A
  • largest living generation and follow Gen X
  • raised to be self-confident, tech aware, goal oriented, civic minded, multiculturally inclusive
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12
Q

Demographics of US

More than this % of marriages begin as cohabitations

A

50%
(6% of all adults) decreasing marriage rate, increasing age of first marriage, increasing number of children born out of wedlock

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13
Q

Demographics of US

Over this % of children are born to unmarried women and the majority of such births occur within cohabitating unions

A

40%

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14
Q

Demographics of US

This % of households consist of a married couple and their children

A

24%
- families average less than 2 children
- 1 in 3 people aged 18 to 34 live in parent’s house (used to be 1 in 5 in 1975)

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15
Q

Demographics of US

Over this % of first marriages end in separation or divorce

A

24%
Remarriages have declined as cohabitation has become more accepted
1 in 6 newlyweds are married to someone of a different race/ethnicity

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16
Q

Demographics of US

Sandwich generation

A

those who are caring for their own children and their elderly parents

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17
Q

Demographics of US

Percentage of females in the population

A

51%
- but are 47% of the labor force
- about 58% of all women are in the labor force compared to 69% of men

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18
Q

Demographics of US

Life expectancy

A

79 years

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19
Q

Demographics of US

Has the percentage of adolescents who have a driver’s license, tried alcohol, who dated, and who worked for pay increased or decreased significantly over past decade?

A

Decreased significantly

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20
Q

Socialization Processes

Social factors

A

interact with biological and physical characteristics during individual’s development

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21
Q

Socialization Processes

Major social factors:

A
  • parents/parenting styles
  • peers and modeling of peer behaviors including play
  • TV/social media
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22
Q

Socialization Processes

By age 3, most children achieve:

A

a sense of gender identity

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23
Q

Socialization Processes

Gender roles

A

a set of gender expectations prescribing how girls and boys should think, act, feel
- these expectations are promoted by family, school, religion, peers, culture, society

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24
Q

Socialization Processes

People are products of five different cultures:

A
  1. universal
  2. ecological
  3. national
  4. region
  5. racio-ethnic
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25
Q

Socialization Processes

Universal culture

A

as human beings, we are biologically alike; have the same biological needs

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26
Q

Socialization Processes

Ecological culture

A

humans are influenced by where they live such as northern vs. temperate climates
- language is influenced by where we live - also by what we eat/wear/live in

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27
Q

Socialization Processes

National culture

A

represents a country often with the same (one) language
- central gov. establishes laws/policies/institutions
- each country has a worldview and citizens socialize each other accordingly through education and other means

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28
Q

Socialization Processes

Region culture

A

a culture specific to a region within a nation
ex. Midwest, North East

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29
Q

Socialization Processes

Racio-ethnic culture

A

race refers to assumed biological differences including physical features that are used by people to identify majority and minority groups
- one may be treated as inferior
- race related cultures develop

ethnic refers to practices, language, learnings of a group and style of living which are often regionally or culturally based

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30
Q

Differences within ethnic minority groups

A

Most ethnic minorities are characterized by large differences between members of the group
- these differences are found across a range of variables including values, attitudes, behaviors, education, racial identity development, acculturation
- socioeconomic differences within an ethnic group must also be recognized

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31
Q

Culture

A

the set of values and behaviors that are learned and passed on within an identifiable community
- includes symbols/products of that community including language, food, rituals

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32
Q

Social class

A

differential levels of material possessions or economic advantage including assets/money

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33
Q

Related to social class

A

values, language, interpersonal relationship, style, worldview, different levels of opportunity, respect, influence

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34
Q

Cross-cultural counseling

A

Counselors and clients are the products of their respective cultures and social class
- in cross cultural counseling, the behaviors, thoughts, values of the client must be viewed from that culture’s perspective
- takes place within the larger socio-political environment which cannot be ignored

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35
Q

Cultural pluralism

A

the broad categories of individuals who may have special concerns and needs or seek respect, representation, development in society
- racial/ethnic/religious classifications, women, elderly, single-parent families, divorced, handicapped, LGBTQIA+, poor, children, young adults
- the idea that a minority cultural group will keep their own unique cultural values, yet they still participate in the wider culture

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36
Q

Cultural norms

A

represent a group’s basic interpretation of life
- provide values for living and lifestyle

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37
Q

Prejudice

A

preconceived judgment or opinion without grounds or sufficient knowledge
- may be positive or negative
- often irrational attitude or behavior directed against individual/group

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38
Q

Microaggression

A

any comment, action, gesture an individual experiences as hurtful or inappropriate based on personal characteristics/history
- often directed at racial/ethnic minorities/women/individuals with disabilities
- may communicate hostile slights or insults
- may be intentional or unintentional

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39
Q

Racism

A

the belief that some races are inherently superior to others
Can be expressed on an:
- individual basis
- institutional basis
- cultural basis (all or most members of a society express it)

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40
Q

Disproportionality

A

the process of treating some school-age children differently than others by referring them to special education or disciplinary procedures
- the result is these children may experience unneeded special services, less-rigorous curricula, lower expectations, more disciplinary consequences

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41
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

the belief that one’s own group is the center of everything; sets the standard
- may cause intergenerational conflict when younger members begin to adopt attitudes and behaviors of other cultures around them

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42
Q

White privilege

A

the subtle advantages and entitlements that European Americans experience, usually without their awareness
- such individuals have been raised with the perception that their lives are normative, average, ideal and that the lives of other white people are the same
- Benefits and entitlements accrue to white men
- white women and white individuals of special groups such as sexual minorities and people with disabilities experience the privilege differently

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43
Q

Acculturation

A

the extent to which an individual from a racial or ethnic minority adopts and incorporates the values, beliefs, customs of dominant culture

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44
Q

Assimilation

A

the extent to which an individual has changed so much that they are absorbed into the dominant group, losing own original values and behaviors

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45
Q

Cultural differences

A

historically, the scientific literature argued for differences between minorities and whites
- pathology and deficiency were more associated with minorities
- Arthur Jenson and others suggested genetic differences in intelligence
- The Bell Curve by Hernstein and Murray continued this thinking
- testing for differences predictably found differences between cultural and racial groups, often a function of assessment instruments
- environment and class factors explain academic achievement differences

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46
Q

Cultural encapsulation

A
  • the substitution of model stereotypes for the real world
  • disregarding cultural variations - believing in some universal notion of the truth
  • use of a technique-oriented definition of the counseling process

Gilbert Wrenn

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47
Q

Worldview

A

how an individual perceives their relationship to the world including institutions, people, things, nature
- comprised of our attitudes, values, opinions, concepts and affect how we think, make decisions, behave, define events

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48
Q

Emic

A

the belief that you need to understand and help groups from their perspectives (their culture)
a SPECIFIC focus

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49
Q

Etic

A

the belief that you have a global view of humanity - we are more similar than different
- focus is on similarities instead of differences

Study tip: etic and altogether

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50
Q

Multicultural counseling

A

addresses and comprises all components of various cultural environments together with pertinent theories, techniques, and practices of counseling

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51
Q

Network therapy in multicultural counseling

A

may include intervention with immediate family members, extended family, important people in client’s community including religious/spiritual leaders and other respected individuals
- introductions may be important: someone from the culture could introduce the counselee to the counselor
- to be effective with many cross-cultural clients, the counselor may need to foster a relationship on a personal level through ‘small talk’ and more personal sharing than may be true with white clients

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52
Q

Familism

A

a Hispanic individual’s strong identification and attachment to family

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53
Q

Ivey, D’Andrea, and Ivey
Multicultural Counseling Theory

A

multicultural counseling should make use of indigenous helping roles and strike a balance between individual, family, cultural issues

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54
Q

Atkinson’s view on the traditional ‘time-bound, space-bound, cathartic psychotherapy’ with cross-cultural clients

A

it may not be relevant
the roles of the counselor may be more relevant: advocate, change agent, consultant, adviser, facilitator of indigenous support systems, facilitator of indigenous healing methods

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55
Q

White middle-class counselors may have underlying assumptions

A
  • concern and respect for the uniqueness of clients
  • emphasis on inherent worth and dignity of all regardless of race, creed, etc.
  • high priority placed on helping others reach their self-determined goals
  • valuing freedom and opportunity to explore one’s characteristics
  • future oriented promised of a better life

White counselors often have Eurocentric perspective and view of the world
- there is a need to ascertain the assumptions which cross-cultural clients bring

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56
Q

Characteristics of counseling

Culture-bound values

A

counseling tends to be individual centered with verbal/emotional and behavioral expressiveness, with defined communication patterns, openness, intimacy

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57
Q

Characteristics of counseling

Class-bound values

A

strict adherence to a time schedule (50 minutes each week), ambiguous/unstructured approach to problems, seeking long-range goals or solutions

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58
Q

Characteristics of counseling

Language variables

A

there is use of standard English and the emphasis is on verbal communication

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59
Q

Characteristics of counseling

These values and use of language

A

could be sources of conflict between counselor and culturally different client

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60
Q

Issues of culture and class in cross cultural counseling

Normative behavior

A

each culture has a set of norms pertaining to almost every phase of existence

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61
Q

Issues of culture and class in cross cultural counseling

Structuring

A

defining the counseling situation may be necessary. Client/counselor roles may need to be defined

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62
Q

Issues of culture and class in cross cultural counseling

Tranference/Countertransference

A

feelings and attitudes towards each other’s culture are likely to be present

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63
Q

Issues of culture and class in cross cultural counseling

Language

A

verbal and nonverbal language may be highly specific to cultures; there may be little or no English spoken

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64
Q

Issues of culture and class in cross cultural counseling

Personalism

A

clients from some cultures like to get to know the counselor first as a person

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65
Q

Issues of culture and class in cross cultural counseling

Diagnosis

A

there must be sensitivity to making judgments about clients and their problems; what is “strange” to you may not be strange to them
- Use of tests may be contraindicated

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66
Q

Responsibilities as counselors

A
  • confront, become aware of biases/stereotypes/values/etc.
  • become aware of culturally different worldviews, values, biases, etc.
  • develop appropriate help-giving practices/interventions/strategies that take into account historical, cultural, political, environmental experiences and influences of the culturally different
  • develop awareness for and competence in client/student advocacy, systems advocacy, social/political advocacy
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67
Q

Racial/cultural identity development model

Racial/cultural identity development model

A

conceptual framework to help counselors understand the attitudes and behaviors of culturally different clients

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68
Q

Racial/cultural identity development model

Five stages of development of a minority individual

Conformity

1

A

self-depreciation attitude and identification with the majority

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69
Q

Racial/cultural identity development model

Five stages of development of a minority individual

Dissonance

2

A

current self-concept is challenged; there is a conflict between appreciating and depreciating self

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70
Q

Racial/cultural identity development model

Five stages of development of a minority individual

Resistance and immersion

3

A

the individual accepts/endorses the minority views and rejects the majority resulting in self-appreciation

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71
Q

Racial/cultural identity development model

Five stages of development of a minority individual
Introspection

4

A

the individual moves from the intensity of feelings in the Resistance and Immersion stage and becomes concerned with the basis of self-appreciation

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72
Q

Racial/cultural identity development model

Five stages of development of a minority individual
Integrative awareness

5

A

the individual can own and appreciate minority and dominant aspects of both cultures

73
Q

Racial/cultural identity development model

Ego statuses (not stages)

A

coined by Janet Helms
- dynamic evolution rather than static structures or types

74
Q

White identity development model

A

Whites may go through similar racial/cultural identity development because they also experience societal forces including racist attitudes and beliefs
- the stages are possible culminating for some in integrative awareness from which a nonracist identity emerges

75
Q

Counselor training issues

A
  • counselors should develop competencies in cross-cultural counseling
  • courses should include a consciousness-raising component, affective component, knowledge component, skills component
  • systematic eclecticism: we are feeling/thinking/behaving/social/cultural/political beings
  • develop affective and cognitive empathy (reflects counselor’s learning about the client’s cultural background, daily life, hopes, fears, aspirations
76
Q

Cross-cultural family counseling

A
  • counselor must learn about the counseling issue within the particular family in its particular culture
  • worldviews and values of family members should be ascertained
  • traditional cultural family structure and extended family ties must be recognized
  • family members’ interpersonal relationships must be identified
  • identify the usual help-giving networks and structures which already exist for the cross-cultural family
77
Q

Gender-based counseling

A

men and women have been socialized differently
- stereotyping and such issues as societal discrimination and different role expectations are based on gender

78
Q

Counseling women

A

the application of long-standing theories of development and personality in women may be inappropriate because of their focus on men
- women’s development, interactions, expressive patterns are different than men’s
- more apt to initiate counseling than men, and to be more emotionally expressive
- focus must include attention to their unique attributes, history, socialization patterns
- developmental and physiological issues cannot be ignored
- many women experience conflicts in multiple roles they are expected to fulfill including childbearing/rearing, homemaking, career

79
Q

Teen pregnancy

A

is dropping but the US still has the highest rates of any industrialized nation
- moms/children have more difficulties like preeclampsia (high BP during pregnancy), prenatal addiction, children with low birth rates, children who are delinquent and have mental health/addiction issues

80
Q

Sexism

A

the belief that women should be treated differently because of and not according to their abilities
- women are more susceptible to some psychological problems (e.g., depression) than are men

81
Q

Feminist approach to counseling

A

directs awareness of counselors to the historical oppression, marginalization, cultural limitations to which women have been subjected

82
Q

Counseling men

A

socialization patterns for men include expectations that they be active, competitive, emotionally unexpressive
- their lives are more clearly laid out for them in terms of work and family responsibilities
- the words and behaviors men use are less revealing of inner worlds
- men are less apt to initiate counseling than women, and once there, tend to deal with their problems cognitively rather than affectively
- denial of problems and feelings, or simple inability to express them
- may be goal oriented in counseling
- group work may be effective in allowing members to build a community, make them aware that other men have similar problems, provide comfort level to challenge each other around defenses and denials

83
Q

Counseling LGBTQIA+ members

A

should be aware of history of abuse/discrimination which they have experienced and continue to face
- coming out may be overwhelming
- sexuality is on a continuum

84
Q

LGBT definitions

ally

A

a person who confronts heterosexism, sexism, homophobia in self/others
- committed to social justice and equal rights

85
Q

LGBT definitions

Cisgender

A

individuals whose gender identity generally matches that assigned for their physical sex

86
Q

LGBT definitions

Gender

A

a socially constructed concept that ascribes qualities of feminity and masculinity to people

87
Q

LGBT definitions

Genderfluid

A

a person who shifts in gender identity and/or gender expression

88
Q

LGBT definitions

Non-binary

A

a term describing anyone whose gender identity falls outside of the binary of woman/man

89
Q

LGBT definitions

Polyamorous

A

the state or practice of having more than one romantic relationships during a period of time

90
Q

LGBT definitions

Transgender

A

umbrella term for those whose gender identity does not match with that assigned for their physical sex

91
Q

Past 15 years have seen significant progress on behalf of the LGBT population including:

A
  • 2017 poll, 4.5% of adult Americans identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual
  • as of 2013, Supreme Court ruled the US Congress-passed Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was unconstitutional
  • as of 2015, all state-level bans on same-sex marriage were declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court
  • About 91% of Fortune 500 companies protect workers based on sexual orientation
  • Gender and Sexualities Alliance (GSA) Network clubs are found in over 4,000 middle/high schools
  • the number of openly LGBT elected staet and national officials is increasing each year
92
Q

Stanley Strong

Social influence model of counseling

A

counseling as an interpersonal influence process
counselee may view the counselor as having these characteristic:
- expert: has formal training, experience, special knowledge
- attractive: the counselor is perceived as similar to the client; the client has a desire to gain the counselor’s approval
- trustworthy: the counselor is perceived as wanting to help and is caring

93
Q

YAVIS

A

Acronym for certain kinds of (desirable) clients:
Young
Attractive
Verbal
Intelligent
Successful

94
Q

QUOID

A

Acronym for certain kinds of (undesirable) clients:
Quiet
Ugly
Old
Indigent
Dissimilar culturally

95
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

internal desire to be competent and to do something for its own sake

96
Q

External motivation

A

drive to do something influenced by external rewards and punishments

97
Q

Rotter and others

Internal control

A

the belief that rewards and satisfaction are contingent on their own actions and that people can shape their own fate

98
Q

Rotter and others

External control

A

the belief that events occur independently of their own actions and that the future is determined more by chance and luck

99
Q

Attribution theory

A

the explanations (causal attributions) we offer for our outcomes influence our future expectancies of success and our future motivation to succeed

100
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

expectation that individuals will act in a certain way
a powerful attitude especially in its ability to influence school children’s performance
- differential expectations by teachers of various racial and ethnic minorities based on stereotypes are common

101
Q

Bloomers

A

those expected to perform well

102
Q

Disability

A

the actual physical or mental limitation

103
Q

Handicap

A

exists if the disability impacts performance in one or more of life’s major roles because of some barrier (e.g., the need for a ramp to access a place of employment)
- alternative conceptualizations of handicap are: physically challenged, mentally challenged, other-abled or differently-abled, handicapable

104
Q

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA)

A

in 1997, IDEA replaced PL94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children’s Act
The provisions of IDEA 2004 include
- free, appropriate public education must be assured to all children and youngsters between 3 and 21
- these individuals with handicaps will be placed in the least restrictive environment
- each person has an individualized education plan (IEP)
- children with qualifying disabilities attending private schools or those institutionalized are also eligible for services

The law provides for supplemental funds to communities for services to eligible children from birth through age 2 if the state meets requirements of the law
- the law requires that children with disabilities should be placed/educated with other children including those without disabilities
- mainstreaming and inclusion can be inferred from the language in the law

105
Q

Older adults

A

Over 16% of the population is 65 and older
- at 65, life expectancy is about 18 years
- by 2060, this group will comprise 23% of the population

106
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA-1990)

A

the act prohibits employers of 15 or more workers to discriminate in employment (or even applying for employment) against the disabled (including substance abusers who are in rehabilitation, AA, etc.)
- also prohibits discrimination in public and private transportation as well as access to public buildings and facilities
- officially, a disability substantially limits the individual in one or more major life activities such as caring for one’s self, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, learning, working
- current estimates report that 12.6% of US population have varying degrees of disability. The increasing older population is a prime contributor to this estimate

107
Q

Ageism

A

negative attitudes and stereotypes which may suggest that older people are incompetent, forgetful, useless

108
Q

Characteristics of older adults:

A
  • by age 60-70, most adults have a physical impairment such as a chronic disease, sensory impairment, etc.
  • some intellectual decline into the 70s is possible but not inevitable
  • most characteristic personality traits remains stable
  • estimates suggest 10% of older adults may have depression and other mental illness
  • few older adults receive mental health services
  • typical issues older adult contend with include: loss (death of friends/spouses), retirement and increased leisure time, physical changes, changing family roles including dealing with adult children
109
Q

In counseling older adults, help them:

A
  • build and maintain positive attitudes toward their worth and dignity
  • educate society and advocate for a change in atittudes about obsolescence
  • use a problem-solving approach; deal with specific and immediate problems
  • use a structured life review process to integrate the past and prepare for the future
110
Q

Older workers

A
  • tend to have longer unemployment periods than younger ones
  • their intellectual functioning is not impaired
  • there is a persistent and progressive decline on speeded tasks
  • their age is related positively to overall job satisfaction
  • there is an increasing need for security and affiliation
111
Q

Family abuse and violence

A

child abuse and neglect = known as child maltreatment
- abuse and neglect can be physical or psychological
- abuse occurs in all ethnic groups and cultures as well as SES
- most at risk may be children from families under stress including single parent families with few resources or social support
- often the family believes in physical punishment
- hyperactive, irritable, ill, premature, defiant children are more apt to be abused than others
- there is a greater tendency to abuse as an adult by someone who was abused as a child
- Spousal abuse and abuse of family members who are elderly or have disabilities also occurs frequently

112
Q

Child sexual abuse

A

occurs most between ages of 7 and 13 by a male known to the child

113
Q

Opioid crisis

A

opioid use has increased to crisis proportions according to some physician and government groups
- opioids are typically prescribed for pain relief, sometimes for psychological trauma
- opioid use is impacting the labor force

114
Q

Teenage suicide

A

suicide is second leading cause of death among 10 to 34 years old
- rate has declined in recent years, but about 5,000 adolescents kill themselves each year
- at greatest risk of suicide in this age range are Indigenous or Alaska Natives
- more girls attempt, but boys complete more

115
Q

Suicide indicators to look for

A

depression/anger, someone talking about committing suicide, having a place and the means, giving away valuable possessions, suffering loss/rejection

116
Q

National Suicide Prevention Hotline

A

988

117
Q

Societal stress and anxiety

A

clients are expressing and exhibiting more stress and anxiety since 2016
Some causes for the increased stress and anxiety may be:
- political atmosphere is more divisive and sometimes toxic
- there is an increase in violence and terrorism
- there is more divisiveness between racial and religious groups
- there are changes in the protections afforded LGBT groups
- climate changes and weather dislocations are increasing
- COVID has exacerbated individual/family stress

118
Q

Climate change, dislocations, trauma

A

climate changes influence individuals, families, communities
These climate changes may result in:
- need to move out of low-lying islands and communities
- more devastation from tornadoes and hurricanes
- temporary/permanent displacement of populations
- psychological consequences including anxiety, depression, PTSD, substance abuse, suicides

119
Q

Leon Festinger

Cognitive dissonance

A
  • a source of motivation - we try to reduce dissonance
  • Leon Festinger
120
Q

Kubler-Ross

A

believed that dying people experienced the following behaviors and feelings:
- denial and isolation: “its not really happening”
- anger: “why me?”
- bargaining: “if I don’t die, I will…”
- depression: characterized by silence, suffering, grief
- acceptance: a sense of peace, it’s okay

individuals might skip or come back to a previous stage before moving on. others believed that these stages did not adequately represent teh dying person’s complex and often recurring feelings
- caregivers’ conscious or unconscious concerns could be an issue to the dying person in their moving through these stages of grief
- has been suggested that experiencing loss can lead to this series of emotions

121
Q

Masters and Johnson

A

sexual interest and activity generally decline with age, but men and women may be sexually active into old age
- later sexual activity and practices reflect earlier activities and practices
- physical and psychological factors (including perceived attitudes of others) may influence sexual activity

Masters and Johnson approach was to use male-family co-therapy teams to work with the marital partners together
- believed that a primary reason for sexual dysfunction was the participant was ‘critically watching and evaluating’ their own sexual performance
- tried to suspend this self-evaluation

122
Q

Nonverbal communication

A
  • counselors interpret it intuitively
  • when a discrepancy exists between verbal and nonverbal messages, the nonverbal one will be believed
123
Q

Paralanguage

A

these are the other vocal cues individuals use to communicate including loudness of voice, pauses, silences, rate of speech, inflections
- part of study of nonverbal communication and is usually considered more accurate than verbal communication

124
Q

Mediation

A

may present new methods of solution or may present a solution that would not be acceptable unless it was presented by a third party
- method of resolving conflict

125
Q

Assertiveness training promotes

A
  • ability to express all manner of emotion
  • the capacity to express one’s rights without denying others’ rights
  • differentiating between aggression and assertion
126
Q

Androgyny

A
  • every individual has both male and female characteristics
  • Sandra Bem (Bem Sex-Role Inventory) has found that approximately 30% of children and college samples are androgynous
127
Q

Androgynous counseling

A

helping clients find/uncover both male and female characteristics

128
Q

Accountability

A

justifying activities engaged in by counselors to those served and to those who finance their work

program accountability has origins in gov. bureaucracies
accountability argues for performance evaluation

129
Q

Culture epoch theory

A

suggests that all cultures - like children - pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing
- recently, multicultural experts have come to believe that this is not valid

130
Q

Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?

Freud
Durkheim
McDougall
Berne

A

Correct: Berne
- the father of transactional analysis

Incorrect answers/rationale:
- Freud (known for book Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, which suggests that the group was help together by a bond between the leader and the group members which was kinda analogous to a hypnotist and their subject)
- Durkheim (one of the founders of modern sociology. Took group phenomena beyond speculation into research)
- McDougall (father of hormic psychology - Darwinian viewpoint suggesting that individuals in or out of groups are driven by innate, inherited tendencies, which lost ground after behaviorist movement started)

131
Q

The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross cultural counseling by

A

the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development

132
Q

Proxemics

A

the study of proximity
- relates to personal space, interpersonal distance, territoriality

133
Q

Propinquity

A

the tendency for people who are in close proximity (ex. working at same office; living close) to be attracted to each other

134
Q

Contextualism

A

behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

135
Q

Carol Gilligan was critical of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development because

A

she felt it was more applicable to males than females

136
Q

The frustration-aggression theory is

A

frustration leads to aggression
frustration occurs when an individual is blocked so that they cannot reach an intended goal (or the goal is removed)
Dollard/Miller

137
Q

Festinger

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

Festinger
- individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, thus putting an end to the dissonance
- people don’t like inconsistency in their thoughts/attitudes vs. behavior
- dissonance is often reduced to denial
- people will change their beliefs to match their behavior when there is a mismatch. reduces the tension created by initial inconsistency

138
Q

Festinger

Social comparison theory

A

we evaluate our behaviors and accomplishments by comparing ourselves to others
- high self-monitoring individuals care about their self-image and what others think of them

139
Q

Culture is normative, meaning

A

culture provides individuals with standards of conduct

140
Q

Mores are beliefs and social customs

A

regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior
(Mores = plural of mos)
- develop as a given group decides what is good/bad for the welfare of the people
- people are generally punished for violating the mores

Study tip: mores and morals

141
Q

Folkway

A

describe correct, normal, habitual behavior
breaking these generally results in embarassment

Breaking mores causes harm/threatens existence of the group

study tip: breaking folkway is just someone who doesn’t give a folk
- like drinking soup directly from the bowl, not using a spoon

142
Q

Frank Parsons

A

considered first social reformer concerned with guidance in the US. focused heavily on sociocultural issues
- wrote Choosing a Vocation

143
Q

In 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed social distance scale, which evaluated

A

how an individual felt towards other ethnic groups
- indicative of negative attitudes towards a number of groups
- wanting to keep a social distance from a certain group of people is seen as a form of prejudice

144
Q

Foot-in-the-door compliance technique was created by

A

Freedman and Fraser
Foot-in-the-door, Freedman, Fraser

145
Q

Third culture kid (TCK)

A

children raised primarily in a culture that is different than their parents’ culture during their formative years

146
Q

Cognitive dissonance deals mainly with

A

cognition and attitude formation
- discrepancies or inconsistencies that create tension are caused by cognitions and attitudes

147
Q

Active-directive model works best with persons who respond well to an authority figure

A
  • counseling passivity is viewed as negative
  • client would be disappointed if they did not receive advice
  • assigning HW and teaching on part of counselor is appropriate
148
Q

Is Rogerian person-centered counseling good for multicultural counseling?

A

Yes
- is nonjudgmental and is considered a great modality for multicultural counseling

149
Q

Therapeutic surrender

A

the client psychologically surrenders themselves to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings/thoughts
- occurs when client is able to trust the counselor and self-discloses
- used frequently in intercultural counseling

150
Q

Factors helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender

A
  • rapport
  • trust
  • listening
  • conquering client resistance
  • self-disclosure
151
Q

Assimilation-contrast theory

A

a client will perceive counselor’s statements that is somewhat like their own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). They would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as even more dissimiliar (i.e., a contrast error)

152
Q

Monolithic perspective

A

perceiving all people in a given group as being identical
- an individualistic perspective is better

153
Q

Structuring (in terms of multicultural counseling)

A

when the nature and structure of counseling situation is described during initial session
- describe role of helper/helpee
- the greater the social/cultural gap, the greater the need for structuring

154
Q

Autoplastic

A

change comes from the self such as thoughts and behaviors
Study tip: auto - automatically think yourself (internal factors)
- or autobiography (a biography about yourself)

155
Q

Alloplastic

A

client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment
Study tip: think about all the other factors other than internal

156
Q

Ambivalent transference

A

occurs when a client rapidly shifts their emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning and experiences related to authority figures from the past

157
Q

Personalism

A

all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands
- the counselor will make the best progress if they see the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than as a diseased patient

158
Q

Cultural pluralism

A

occurs when persons of a cultural heritage retain their traditions and differences, yet cooperate in regard to social, political, economic matters
- suggests that certain categories of individuals often need special services

159
Q

Social facilitation

A

the presence of other people improves an individual’s performance even when there is no verbal interaction
- Floyd Henry Allport

160
Q

Sleeper effect

A

after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message
- the communication may have more impact after some time has passed

161
Q

The tendency to affilitate with others

A

is highest in firstborns and only children
- reflects research of Stanley Schachter, which concluded that the need to affiliate (associate with others) decreases for later-born children

162
Q

Approach-approach conflict

A

easiest to help clients cope with since in most cases, the client can attempt both options: first one, then the other
- typically instill less anxiety than the other two types
ex. I have two job offers

163
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

both choices are undesirable
- clients often daydream, flee the situation, regress instead of confronting the choices
- may waver or vacillate

164
Q

Approach-avoidance conflict

A

presents a positive and negative factor
- toughest type of conflict for the client to tackle as it generates the highest level of frustration

165
Q

Salad-bowl analogy

A

more accurate than melting pot
- like the tomatoes and lettuce in a salad, people retain their unique cultural identity

166
Q

In terms of research related to affiliation

A
  • misery loves miserable company
  • firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later
  • people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear
167
Q

Which SES is more likely to engage in introspection

A

higher SES have more time to “look within themselves” (introspect) since they need not dwell as much on external survival needs

168
Q

Edward T. Hall

Low context communication

A

there will be a precise explicit verbal explanation and possibly repetition such as summarizing at the end of a meeting
- common in the US, UK, Canada, Germany

169
Q

Edward T. Hall

High context communication

A

implicit communication that relies on nonverbal over verbal, respect for tradition and the past, and is readily understood by others in the culture with a shared frame of reference
- common in Middle East, Italy, Spain, Asian countries

170
Q

Means tests

A

determine whether a client is eligible for a social program or benefit such as temporary assistance for needy families (TANF) or food stamps
- often contrasted with social insurance programs such as food security for which a wealthy person could still qualify

171
Q

Confirmation bias

A

acknowledging info that matches your beliefs and ignoring info that doesn’t

172
Q

Misery loves company

A

is a true statement
according to Stanley Schachter

173
Q

Anglo-Conformity Theory

A

people from other cultures would do well to forget about their heritage and try to become like those in dominant macroculture
- seems to be very euro-centric

174
Q

Five-Stage Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) AKA the Minority Identity Model

A
  • Conformity: lean toward dominant culture and prefer a counselor from the dominant culture
  • Dissonance: question and confusion, prefer a counselor from a minority group
  • Resistance and immersion: reject the dominant culture while accepting one’s own culture
  • Introspection: mixed feelings related to previous stage; prefer a counselor from one’s own racial/ethnic group
  • Synergetic articulation and awareness: stop racial and cultural oppression, prefers a counselor with a similar worldview over merely a counselor who is the same race/ethnicity, but has different beliefs

not everyone goes through all the stages and some never progress beyond second or third stage. Some can move backwards

175
Q

Zimbardo (1971 Stanford Prison Experiment)

A

a situation can control behavior as well as assigned roles, such as telling subjects to be a guard or prisoner
- would not be ethical today

176
Q

Muzafer Sherif (Robber’s Cave Experiment)

A

two opposing groups of boys ended up working together because they were both attempting to solve the same problem (superordinate goal)

177
Q

Solomon Asch/Asch Situation (1950s studies regarding conformity based on the length of a line)

A

in a social or group situation, people would sell out and agree with the opinions of others about the length of a line even when they knew the individuals were clearly wrong

178
Q

John Darley and Bibb Latane (Bystander Effect/Apathy)

A

the greater number of people in a group, the less likely they are to assist a person in need (and will be slower if they do intervene)
Kitty Genovesse (1964) is quintessential example
- also known as group inhibition for helping

179
Q

Stanley Milgram (1963 Obedience to Authority experiment)

A

65% of subjects gave painful electrical shocks to innocent victims when instructed to do so by an authority figure
none stopped even when participant said they had heart trouble
- some experts insist this could explain Holocaust

CPCE/NCE Prep (18 decks)

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