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CPCE/NCE Prep > Counseling and Helping Relationships (4/6) > Flashcards

Counseling and Helping Relationships (4/6) Flashcards

Miscellaneous terms

1
Q

The brain grows and differentiates because of

A
  • genetics
  • continuous interaction with environment

Since a person’s experiences with different environmental stimuli and events throughout life can promote re-mapping of different regions, so too the experience of therapy can restructure neural networks

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2
Q

Triune model of the brain
Surviving Brain

A

the stem and responds to danger and controls automatic functions (flight-fight)

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3
Q

Triune model of the brain
Feeling Brain

A

limbic system. emotion center, mediating feelings/thoughts, storing some memory

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4
Q

Triune model of the brain
Thinking Brain

A

cortex. executive functions, meaning-making, self-awareness

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5
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

brain’s ability to reproduce new neurons and reorganize itself as the individual experiences new situations and experiences (including psychotherapy)

Many counseling approaches result in formation of new neurons and connections. The production of neurotransmitters is promoted

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6
Q

Does CBT promote cognitive restructuring in clients with PTSD

A

Yes.
CBT promotes new connections within memory network leading to reduction of symptoms

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7
Q

Does EMDR help clients access new, more adaptive info?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Biofeedback (neurofeedback)

A

is useful for many client problems including sleep disorders, anxiety attacks, phobias, migraines

attempts to rewire neural networks

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9
Q

Cultural neuroscience

A

counselors help generate neurons and networks to assist diverse clients to lead more satisfying and empowered lives

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10
Q

Ways to increase production of positive neurotransmitters besides talk therapy:

A
  • invovement in integrative therapies like art/music/physical movement/exercise
  • relaxation exercises
  • balanced nutrition
  • yoga
  • new/repeated emotional/verbal/interpersonal processes of learning that have become ingrained into brain structures
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11
Q

Medication can reduce or control symptoms but

A

there are no biochemical means to change faulty interaction patterns and behaviors that have led to a disorder

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12
Q

Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)

A

standards require curricular experiences for all counselors in training to promote an understanding of theories of learning and personality develop to include current understanding of neurological behavior

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13
Q

CACREP definition of neurological behavior

A

relationship among brain anatomy, function, biochemistry, learning, behavior

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14
Q

Mindfulness components

A
  1. focus and attention on one’s current experience including environment, internal sensations, emotions, thoughts
  2. nonjudgmental, accepting attitude to whatever the client is experiencing externally/internally
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15
Q

Mindfulness

A

form of mental discipline with a focus on the here and now
may include:
- deep breathing exercises
- relaxation techniques
- meditation

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16
Q

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

A

assists client in stopping the self-perpetuating mental habits of ruminating on negative thoughts
- learn to pay attention to thoughts/body sensations in a nonjudgmental way
- accept them and let go of cycles and patterns of responding that are not useful

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17
Q

Purpose of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

A

not to change these thoughts/body sensations as much as change the relationship to them in a reframing sort of way

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18
Q

Application of mindfulness counseling practices

A
  • depression
  • GADs
  • stress
  • anxiety

mindfulness may not be appropriate for:
- schizophrenia
- bipolar disorder
- PTSD

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19
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Empathic understanding

A

the ability to experience the client’s subjective world including feelings/cognitions

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20
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Congruence

A

AKA genuineness
counselor is authentic and integrated in the counseling session
can also mean an agreement between client’s behavior and their values/beliefs

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21
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Unconditional positive regard

A

AKA acceptance
counselor is caring without condition and is neither evaluative nor judgmental

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22
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Concreteness

A

the extent to which the client and the counselor deal with issues in specific terms rather than in vague generalities

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23
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Immediacy

A

dealing with what is going on in the counseling process at the present time

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24
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Interpretation

A

uncover and suggest meanings and relationships often underlying the apparent expression

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25
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Self-disclosure

A

appropriate self-disclosure means that the counselor shares personal affect and experiences relative to the client’s issues

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26
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Attending

A

several behaviors including listening, engaging in eye contact, and being psychologically present

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27
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Restatement

A

repeating what the client has stated with emphasis on the cognitive message

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28
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Reflection

A

repeating what the client has stated with emphasis on the affective or feeling portion of the message

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29
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Paraphrasing

A

restating the message of the client to show or to gain understanding

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30
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Summarizing

A

counselor or client brings together several ideas or feelings usually following a lengthy interchange

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31
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Silence

A

may have many meanings:
- quietly thinking
- boredom
- hostility
- waiting for the counselor to lead
- preparing the next thrust
- emotional integration

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32
Q

Counseling skills and conditions influencing counseling

Confrontation

A

occurs when the counselor identifies and presents discrepancies between a client’s verbal and nonverbal behaviors or between counselor’s and client’s perceptions

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33
Q

Clinical Interventions

A

the treatment plan outlines the counseling interventions

Interventions are influenced by:
- diagnosis
- client characteristics
- counselor therapeutic orientation

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34
Q

Evidence-based interventions

A

should know and apply evidence-based research findings in selecting therapeutic interventions
- particular issues/problems consistent with particular client characteristics may thus be dealt with most effectively
- quality standards of care are the goal and consistent with ethical practices

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35
Q

Dual-diagnosis interventions

A

integrate practices with other mental health specialists including doctors
- ex. co-occurring mental disorders and substance use issues - need additional professional interventions

ensures an appropriate level of care is provided

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36
Q

Structuring

A

defining the nature, limits, goals of the counseling process
- roles of client and counselor may be described

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37
Q

Robert Carkhuff

A

five point scales to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness, respect
- counselor responses may be viewed as additive, interchangeable, subtractive

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38
Q

Carl Jung - Analytic Psychology

Collective unconscious

A

determined by evolutionary development of the human species and contains brain patterns for the most intense emotional responses that humans experience
There is also a personal unconscious (similar to Freud’s)

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39
Q

Carl Jung

Archetype

A

operant for collective unconscious

response pattern occurring universally in the human experience and is characterized by an emotional charge to the existential issue of identity, meaning, purpose
- ex. anima, animus (female/male traits)
- androgynous (having both male and female characteristics)
- dark side of the personality relates to animal instincts
- extroversion/introversion (MBTI has roots in Jung)

the self is symbolized as a mandala or a balnce between the personal unconscious and collective unconscious

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40
Q

Carl Jung

Goals of Jungian therapy

A
  • transformation of self including gaining knowledge of self
  • recognition
  • integration of self
41
Q

Carl Jung

Therapy is viewed as

A

a healing process

42
Q

Carl Jung

Jung introduced

A

introversion/extraversion concepts

43
Q

Carl Jung

Which assessment is based on Jung’s theory

A

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

44
Q

Alfred Adler - individual psychology

Two important concepts

A

Birth order, family constellation

45
Q

Alfred Adler

Techniques of counseling:

A
  • counselor is egalitarian with client - it’s a collaborative effort
  • neuroses are a failure in learning which results in distorted perceptions
  • stress is on client responsibility
  • will to power: generates feelings of superiority
  • fictional finalism: behavior is motivated primarily by future opportunities than the past

Teleological theory - focused on future

46
Q

Alfred Adler

Counseling should examine

A
  • family constellations - birth order
  • dreams
  • early memories
47
Q

Alfred Adler

Asks the question

A

What would be different if you were well?
- focuses on counseling process

48
Q

Alfred Adler

Birth order implications

A

children in the same family have different psychological environments because of differences in birth order

49
Q

Alfred Adler

Birth order implications
Oldest child:

A
  • gets much attention
  • tends to be dependable, hard-working, achievement oriented
  • when another child (intruder) comes, oldest may fear losing love
50
Q

Alfred Adler

Birth order implications
Second child:

A
  • shares attention
  • sees self as if in a race to compete with first child
  • often succeeds where older fails
51
Q

Alfred Adler

Birth order implications
Middle child:

A
  • often feels left out
  • may see life as unfair
  • “poor me” attitude
  • may develop problems
52
Q

Alfred Adler

Birth order implications
Youngest child:

A
  • baby in family
  • pampered
  • special role to play
  • influenced by all others
  • tends to go own way
  • often develops in directions no one else thought of
53
Q

Alfred Adler

Birth order implications
Only child:

A
  • does not learn to share/cooperate
  • often deals with adults well
  • wants center stage even as adult and if does not get any, may have difficulties
54
Q

Alfred Adler

Childhood experiences influences ____

A

our adult interactions and family dynamics

55
Q

Gordon Allport and Kurt Lewin

Gordon Allport

A

acknowledged that individuals with their personalities exist within systems
- behavior of an individual must be viewed as fitting any system of interaction including culture, situational context, field theory

56
Q

Gordon Allport and Kurt Lewin

Kurt Lewin

A

field theorist
believed behavior is a function of life space which is a function of the person and the environment
- challenged the linear, mechanistic view of behavior

57
Q

Aaron Beck

Aaron Beck

A

developed a system of psychotherapy called cognitive therapy

58
Q

Aaron Beck

Automatic thoughts

A

similar to the preconscious

59
Q

Aaron Beck

Internal communication system

A

in depressed people, this system was negatively focused resulting in low self-esteem, self-blame, negative interpretations of experience

negative cognitive shift

60
Q

Aaron Beck

Developed this assessment

A

Beck Depression Inventory

61
Q

Joseph Wolpe

Theory of reciprocal inhibition

A

underlying principle states that a person cannot be both anxious and relaxed at the same time

62
Q

Joseph Wolpe

Systematic desensitization
(based on theory of reciprocal inhibition)

A

behavioral intervention of counterconditioning
- goal: to reduce anxiety by associating negative stimuli with positive events
- - specifically, negative images are paired with muscle relaxation

63
Q

Donald Meichenbaum

cognitive behavior modification

A

shift from self-defeating thoughts to coping ones

64
Q

Donald Meichenbaum

Stress inoculation

A

practicing positive or reinforcing self-statements

65
Q

Behavioral techniques

Token economy

A

use of tokens (points, rating, etc.) as a reinforcement in a behavioral treatment program
- shaping of behavior can occur through the use of these tokens
- privileges and goods can be purchased with tokens

66
Q

Behavioral techniques

Paradoxical intention

A

clients are urged to ‘intend’ that which they fear or wish to change
- may work with a variety of unwanted behaviors like insomnia, smoking, arguing, etc.

67
Q

Behavioral techniques

Implosive therapy

A

induces anxiety around the problem by presenting vivid images or cues (flooding)
- the anxiety is expected to diminish (extinguish) with repeated exposure and in the absence of any threat

68
Q

Behavioral techniques

Thought stopping

A

inhibit recurring thought by consciously stopping it whenever it occurs

69
Q

Johari Window

Looks like…

A

…………………..known to….not known
…………………..self……………to self
…………………..————————
known to…..|…………..|…………..|
others……….|…………..|…………..|
…………………—————————
not known..|…………..|…………..|
to others…..|…………..|…………..|
………………..————————–

70
Q

Johari Window

Named after

A

Joe Luft and Harry Ingham
(Johari is a combination of their first names)

71
Q

Johari Window

How it works

A

client brings material in this window to the counseling session; some is known, other info is not

72
Q

Johari Window

Principles of change may be identified

A
  • a change in one quadrant affects all other quadrants
  • it takes energy to hide, deny, or be blind to behavior
  • threat increases awareness; mutual trust tends to increase awareness
  • the smaller the first quadrant (upper left), the poorer the communication
  • there is universal curiosity about the unknown area but customs, social training, fears keep parts unknown
  • the goal of counseling is to minimize the lower right quadrant and maximize the upper left
73
Q

Johari Window

Helps explain

A

dynamics which occur in group therapy
- in productive groups, the quadrants not known to self and others may decrease in size and self-awareness and feedback from others increase

74
Q

Consultation

A

voluntary, problem-solving process, initiated or terminated by the consultant or consultee, to help consultees develop attitudes or skills so they can function more effectively with individuals, groups, organizations
- work-related

may be client, consultee, system focused, and goal is to resolve issues that cause human problems and increase competence so future problems may be avoided
- has a preventative function
- not counseling

75
Q

Consultation may be:

A

content oriented: transfer of knowledge or info from the consultant to the consultee

process oriented: looking at the process - may use communication theory, attribution, change, motivation theory

76
Q

Models of consultation

Bergan

A

behavioral model with 4 stages:
1. problem identification
2. problem analysis
3. plan implementation
4. problem evaluation

Part of the focus of this consultation is on problem behaviors and their antecedents and consequences
- model emphasizes verbal interaction in consultation

77
Q

Models of consultation

Bandura

A

social learning model
- dynamic interplay of behaviors, cognitions, enviornment and all three are assessed in problem identification
- many solutions revolve around modeling, rehearsing, changing cognitions

78
Q

Models of consultation

Schein

A
  • purchase model: buying the consultant expert’s knowledge or service
  • doctor-patient model: stresses diagnosis and problem identification
  • process model: consultee with the consultant in the diagnostic process and identification of interventions
79
Q

Models of consultation

Caplan

A

mental health consultation model
- consultation occurs between two professionals and can be centered on the client, the consultee and client, the program, consultee and administration

80
Q

Models of consultation

Splete
Nine-stage process of consultation

A
  1. pre-contract
  2. contract and exploration of relationship
  3. contracting
  4. problem identification
  5. problem analysis
  6. feedback and planning
  7. implementation of the plan
  8. evaluation of the plan
  9. conclusion and termination of relationship
81
Q

Animal-assisted counseling

A

helps clients establish a relationship with an animal that facilitates communication, builds self-confidence, non-judgmental
- these positive interactions can be used to better understand oneself and generalize to others
- dogs/horses are most commonly used although many other animals have been found to be effective
- individuals who are physically/mentally challenged, victims of trauma, socially shy may be good candidates

82
Q

Wilderness therapy

A

more clinically-oriented
outdoor behavioral mental healthcare approach for troubled adolescents and adults
- purpose: to identify/address emotional, behavioral, psychological problems through an outdoor, often unfamiliar environment

82
Q

Adventure-based counseling

A

desired for children and younger/older adults as an experiential set of outdoor activities
- may range from camping to hiking to completing ‘challenge’ courses designed for individuals, pairs, small groups

possible outcomes:
- self-awareness
- self-confidence
- communication skills
- trust
- camaraderie
- diversity sensitivity
- multicultural skills

83
Q

Distance counseling/Telehealth

A

encompasses webcounseling, e-counseling, telephone counseling
- may be info-giving, be assessment-focused, psychoeducational, deal with personal/therapeutic issues

84
Q

Issues of distance counseling/telehealth

A
  • security of communications
  • imposters
  • records maintenance
  • trust building/transparency
  • contacts for clients in case of crisis
85
Q

Trauma/Disaster Counseling

A
  • training is required to work with this population
  • possible consequences for counselors working with clients impacted by trauma include: compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma
  • displayed by lack of energy, prefer isolation, be irritable, have sleeping problems, self-medicate, cease self-care activities
86
Q

Compassion fatigue

A

evidenced by counselors who work with difficult client issues and may result in lack of empathy and interest in the client’s concerns
- may occur even when working with clients who have not experienced trauma

87
Q

Secondary traumatic stress

A

may result because of exposure to graphic material presented by traumatized clients
- may begin experiencing some of the same symptoms as the client

some think vicarious trauma is the same as secondary traumatic stress; others believe vicarious trauma includes change in counselor’s worldview, sense of self, beliefs

88
Q

Neurolinguistic programming

A

Richard Bandler and John Grinder are the original proponents

89
Q

Neurolinguistic programming

A

communications theory using the five sensory channels
- can be used to establish and maintain rapport and pace the client’s verbal cues
- examines the structure of language and how it is used to represent reality

90
Q

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

A

used to facilitate client’s accessing of memories of painful and traumatic experiences and reprocessing these experiences through eye movements similar to those found in REM sleep cycles
- has generated considerable positive research

91
Q

Alcohol and Substance Abuse Counseling

A

substance abuse is often viewed as the number one problem in the US

Personality traits often found in alcoholics and drug users:
- low self-concept
- anxiety
- underachievement
- feeling of social isolation
- sexual dysfunctions
- dependence
- fear of failure
- suicidal impulses

Individual, group, family counseling are valuable components of treatment
- residential programs, often using behavior modification and soical learning theory, may be effective
- treatment of physical addiction is also necessary

92
Q

Questionnaire that is useful in assessing signs of addiction

A

SASSI (Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory)

93
Q

Twelve Step programs

A

effective for many with drug or alcohol problems

94
Q

Kinesics

A

nonlinguistic communication which occurs through body movements such as gestures and facial expressions

95
Q

Proxemics

A

spatial features of the environment such as positioning of furniture, seating arrangements, etc.
- how we arrange space will have an impact on behavior
- each of us has a personal space

96
Q

Tryptophan is an amino acid that is related to this in the brain

A

serotonin

when it is removed from diet, memory/anxiety/sleep/mood decrease and aggresssion rises

97
Q

A meta-analysis by Smith, Glass,& Miller (idk what year)

A

found that psychotherapy has a strong/big effect at .85
(this is often quoted and you should know about this meta-analysis)

small assocation less than .2
medium association is .50 or less
big/strong/large assocation is over .80

98
Q

Glasser

Reality-Choice Theory

A

focuses on present behavior. clients create their own personal reality with the behaviors they choose
- behavior is the control of our perceptions
- success identity is the result of being loved/accepted
- does not deal with dreams, the past, traumatic memories

eight steps:
- build a relationship
- focus on present moment behavior
- help client to evaluate current behavior
- develop contract with an action plan
- accept no excuses
- do not use punishment
- refuse to give up on client

psychological needs
- freedom
- belonging
- power
- fun

CPCE/NCE Prep (18 decks)

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