Career Development (2/2)

Question 1

Trait-and-factor-matching theory

Answer 1

E.G. Williamson based on his knowledge of Parsons, the father of guidance
- relies on tests and assessments to match traits, aptitude, interests with a given occupation

Question 2

Holland’s 6 personality and 6 work environments career typology

Answer 2

depicted with a hexagon that includes 6 personality type/work environments:
- Realistic: practical, hands on
- Investigative: ideas/concepts/analytic
- Artistic: think outside the box, unique perspectives
- Social: forming closing relationships/serving others
- Enterprising: leaders, pursuasive
- Conventional: organization, methodical thinking
RIASEC
congruence between the person and the job is emphasized. Person is categorized using three digit codes such as SEC

Question 3

Donald Super’s self-concept and developmental stage model

Answer 3

life span, life-space model
- self concept and career-vocational maturity influences one’s career throughout the life span
- life rainbow helps clients conceptualize their roles as a child, student, parent, leisurite, citizen, etc.
- he didn’t believe he made a theory intially, but felt his work might be the basis for segments of future theories. Felt mislabeled

Question 4

Anne Roe’s early childhood needs-theory approach

Answer 4

vocational choice is related to personality development at a young age
- is the client person oriented (teacher) or non person oriented (computer programmer)?
- was influenced by Freudian psychoanalytic doctrines (importance of parent-child relationship) as well as Maslow
- Studies do not totally support this approach, but is difficult to control longitudinal variables
- Vocational Interest Inventory (VII) and Career Occupational preference System make use of Roe’s fields and levels taxonomy

Question 5

John Krumboltz’s learning theory of career counseling (LCTT)

Answer 5

initially dubbed a social learning theory
four factors can be used to simplify the career development process:
1. genetic endowments and unique abilities
2. environmental conditions and life events
3. learning experiences (either Pavlovian, social learning theory, Skinnerian)
4. task-approach skills (problem solving, cognitive responses, emotional patterns)

Question 6

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma’s developmental approach

Ginzberg Group; Ginzberg and associates

Answer 6

first developmental approach to occupational choice
Fantasy: ages 11 and under
Tentative: early adolescence 11-17
Realistic: 17-early adulthood

Question 7

Mark Savickas’ career construction postmodern theory

Answer 7

worked with Super; critical of most theories
- work is heavily rooted in narrative therapy where client’s life is viewed as a story they have constructed, and intervention focuses on recurring themes to re-author the story

Question 8

Social cognitive counseling theory (SCCT)

Answer 8

focuses on how one’s belief system impacts career choice

Question 9

Linda Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription and compromise

Answer 9

circumscription (phase 1: rule out certain jobs not acceptable for gender)
compromise (phase 2: change mind, major, etc. if career path is not truly realistic)
- developmental approach taking childhood into account
- social space: zone or territory of jobs where they fit into society

Question 10

Edgar H. Schein’s eight career anchors theory

Answer 10

career anchors manifest approx. 5-10 years after person begins work and guide future career choices
- anchors based on self-concept, abilities, what the person is good at
1. autonomy/independence
2. security/stability
3. technical/functional competence
4. general managerial competence
5. entrepreneurial creativity
6. service/dedication to a cause
7. pure challenge
8. lifestye