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CPCE/NCE Prep > Human Growth and Development (3/3) > Flashcards

Human Growth and Development (3/3) Flashcards

Diagnostic Criteria

1
Q

Depressive disorders

A
  • do not contain any disorders related to mania
  • bereavement has been excluded as part of a major depressive episode
  • physical causes must be considered
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2
Q

Most common and effective treatment for depressive disorders

A

medication and psychotherapy

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3
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for depressive disorders

A

CBT and interpersonal therapy

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4
Q

Specific depressive disorders

A
  • disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
  • major depressive disorder (single/recurrent episode)
  • persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
  • premenstrual dysphoric disorder
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5
Q

Bipolar and related disorders

A
  • mania and hypomania criteria focus on changes in energy/activity
  • depression and anxiety are often comorbid
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6
Q

Most effective treatment for bipolar and related disorders

A

mood-stabilizers and psychotherapy

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7
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for bipolar and related disorders

A

psychoeducation, family-focused therapy, CBT, interpersonal therapy

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8
Q

Specific bipolar and related disorders

A
  • bipolar I disorder
  • bipolar II disorder
  • cyclothymic disorder
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9
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

fear, anxiety, physical symptoms (heart palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath)
- comorbid with depressive disorders
- have early-age onset and suicide risk assessment is important

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10
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for anxiety disorders

A

CBT, behavior therapy, relaxation

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10
Q

Difference between anxiety disorder and a phobia

A

in an anxiety reaction, the client is unaware of the source of the fear

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11
Q

Specific anxiety disorders

A
  • separation anxiety disorder
  • selective mutism
  • specific phobia
  • social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
  • panic disorder
  • agoraphobia
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12
Q

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

A

feature obsessive preoccupation and engagement in repetitive behaviors
- previously classified in anxiety disorder, but principle feature is not anxiety
- often comorbid with depressive/anxiety disorders, hypochondriasis, eating disorder, ADHD, etc.

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13
Q

Most common and effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

A

combination of psychopharmacologic treatment and psychotherapy

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14
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

A

CBT, exposure and response prevention (form of CBT)

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15
Q

Specific obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

A
  • obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • body dysmorphic disorder
  • hoarding disorder
  • trichotillomania (hair-pulling) disorder
  • excoriation (skin-picking) disorder
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16
Q

Trauma- and stressor-related disorders

A

traumatic or stressful events may threaten an individual’s physical, social, emotional, cognitive, or spiritual well-being
- include sexual/physical assault, combat, torture, disasters, severe car accidents, child abuse, life-threatening illnesses
- these events can occur once or be re-occurring and overwhelm coping ability

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17
Q

Most common and effective treatment for trauma- and stressor-related disorders

A

variety of psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches

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18
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for trauma- and stressor- related disorders

A

varies based on several variables - age, nature/duration of traumatic event, coping skills/support

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19
Q

Specific trauma- and stressor-related disorders

A
  • reactive adjustment disorder
  • disinhibited social engagement disorder
  • posttraumatic stress disorder
  • acute stress disorder
  • adjustment disorders
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20
Q

Gender dysphoria in children, adolescents, and adults

A

conscious or unconscious feelings (especially in children) that there is a mismatch between the gender they were born and their desire for the gender they want to identify as
- especially in adolescents and adults this discomfort often leads to desire for gender reassignment through hormone replacement or surgery

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21
Q

Why is gender dysphoria included in DSM if it’s not listed as a disorder

A

Being included in the DSM makes medical interventions more likely to happen

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22
Q

Most common and effective treatment for gender dysphoria

A

support the client in coping with their feelings of incongruence and helping them promote optimal functioning

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23
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for gender dysphoria

A

family therapy for children who are gender variant including increasing the awareness of children and adolescents in how others react to them
- possible medical interventions
- increasing adult client’s awareness, understanding, functioning

24
Q

There are diagnostic criteria for gender dysphoria in

A
  • gender dysphoria in children
  • gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults
25
Q

Substance-related and addictive disorders

A

prevalence rates of substance use are very high in the US with over 22 million individuals reporting use
- focus on 10 classes of drugs
- concepts of abuse and dependence are no longer included in the diagnosis
- severity can be specified as mild, moderate, severe
- a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms typify the disorder
- criteria also covers social, occupational, interpersonal issues, risk-taking, tolerance, withdrawal

Gambling disorder has similiar neurochemical brain responses and risk-taking behavior

26
Q

Most common and effective treatment for substance-related and addictive disorders

A

medical interventions including medically-controlled substitutes

27
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for substance-related and addictive disorders

A

adaptive coping mechanisms, substituting positive behaviors, mindfulness training in some cases

28
Q

Specific substance-related and addictive disorders

A
  • alcohol-related disorders
  • cannabis-related disorders
  • hallucinogen-related disorders
  • inhalant-related disorders
  • opioid-related disorders
  • sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-related disorders
  • stimulant-related disorders
29
Q

Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

A

characteristics include
- impulse-control
- conductive disorders (aggressive/self-destructive behaviors, destruction of property, conflict with authority figures, disregard for norms/outbursts of anger not proportionate to the situation)
- emotional/behavioral regulation problems and typically appear first in childhood/adolescence

high comorbidity with substance use, depressive, anxiety disorders

30
Q

Most common and effective treatment for disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

A

for children - parent/family interventions and appropriate psychopharmacological interventions (especially for pyromania and kleptomania)

31
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

A
  • training and fostering positive time between parent and child (parent/family interventions), CBT can help modify cognitive distortions and develop problem-solving skills
32
Q

Specific disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

A
  • oppositional defiant disorder
  • intermittent explosive disorder
  • conduct disorder
  • pyromania
  • kleptomania
33
Q

Specific behavioral disruptions

A

Behavioral disruptions are classified into five distinct areas, grouped together because each will be disruptive in the behavioral of the individual who has the disorder
1. feeding/eating disorders
2. elimination disorders
3. sleep-wake disorders
4. sexual dysfunctions
5. paraphilic disorders

34
Q

Most common and effective treatment for specific behavioral disruptions

A

for many of these disorders, medical interventions may be necessary including psychopharmacological treatment and psychotherapeutic means (although approaches vary depending on specific disorder)

35
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for specific behavioral disruptions

A

trusting relationship with a counselor is necessary and application of DBT may be helpful especially when other approaches have failed
- eating/elimination disorders may lend themselves to family counseling and medical/behavioral interventions

36
Q

Specific behavioral disruptions examples

A

feeding/eating disorders
- pica
- rumination disorder
- anorexia nervosa
- bulimia nervosa
- binge-eating disorder

elimination disorders
- enuresis
- encopresis

sleep-wake disorders
- insomnia disorder
- restless legs syndrome

sexual dysfunctions
- erectile disorder
- female orgasmic disorder
- permature (early) ejaculation

paraphilic disorders
- pedophilic disorder
- voyeuristic disorder
- fetishistic disorder

37
Q

Neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders

A

probably have a biological basis (so counselors may not be the ones diagnosing them)
- neurodevelopmental = begin in childhood
- neurocognitive = may be more prevalent later in life but can be found in all ages

38
Q

Most common and effective treatment for neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders

A

following diagnosis, counselors can work with clients/families in conjunction with medical/pharmacological treatment
- children/adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders may initially be in contact wiht counselors in school/community mental health settings

39
Q

Specific neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders

A

neurodevelopmental:
- intellectual disability
- language disorder
- autism spectrum disorder
- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

neurocognitive:
- delirium
- alzheimer’s disease
- parkinson’s disease

40
Q

Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

A

characterized by 1+ of the following 5 symptom classes: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, disorganized/abnormal motor behavior, negative symptoms
- some may be temporary and found in individuals as a result of medication/substance use
- many who meet criteria for psychotic disorders have a lifelong struggle with psychotic symptomology
- should refer to medical personnel for definitive diagnoses

41
Q

Most common and effective treatment for schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

A

along with medications, provide psychosocial interventions to assist with coping and occupational functioning
CBT, psychoeducation, family intervention/support; psychoed about medication management

42
Q

Specific schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorders

A
  • brief psychotic disorder
  • schizophrenia
  • schizoaffective disorder
43
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

represent a disconnection between things usually connected which signify a disruption in normal integration of consciousness, identity, memory, body representation, motor control, behavior
- usually associated with trauma and can occur at any age (certain medical conditions, seizures, drug use, brain injuries may result in dissociative symptoms
- comorbid with depressive, anxiety, substance use
- self-injurious and suicidal behavior may be common

44
Q

Most common and effective treatment for dissociative disorders

A

first establish a safe and stable environment for the client
- CBT, DBT, hypnosis and psychotropic medication

45
Q

Specific types of dissociation

A
  • depersonalization
  • derealization
  • amnesia
  • identity confusion
  • identity alteration
46
Q

Somatic symptom and related disorders

A

characterized by the presence of physical/somatic complaints and the feelings, thoughts, behaviors that go along with these complaints that cause distress/impairment
- although many complaints cannot be confirmed by physicians, to the individual they are real
- hypochondriasis is not used due to stigma
- cultural factors may contribute to experience of symptoms

47
Q

Most common and effective treatment for somatic symptom and related disorders

A

physical exam to determine validity of somatic complaints
medication
problem solving approach - CBT, psychoeducation including how stress influences bodily sensations and relaxation training may be helpful

48
Q

Specific somatic symptom and related disorders

A
  • somatic symptom disorder
  • illness anxiety disorder
  • conversion disorder
49
Q

Personality disorders

A

characterized by persistent maladaptive patterns of behavior, affect, cognition, interpersonal functioning
- these patterns deviate from culture and usually begin before adulthood
- these traits have an impact on life and ability to function in home, school, work
- tendency to see these maladaptive patterns as persistent throughout life thus making treatment difficult
- often viewed as difficult/challenging to treat

50
Q

Most common and effective treatment for personality disorders

A

can be challenging to treat
there is some evidence that supports psychotherapy as more effective than psychopharmacological approaches
- difficult to distinguish normal from pathological personality functioning

51
Q

Specific types of personality disorders

A

Cluster A (odd, eccentric)
- paranoid
- schizoid
- schizotypal

Cluster B (dramatic, unpredictable)
- antisocial
- borderline
- narcissistic

Cluster C (anxious, fearful)
- histrionic
- obsessive-compulsive
- dependent

52
Q

Mental health services

A

related to abnormal human behavior and mental health services

53
Q

Mental illness

A

legal concept usually meaning severe emotional or thought disturbances that negatively affect individual’s health and safety

54
Q

Civil commitment laws

A

unique to each state
describe how an individual can be declared legally to have a mental illness and be placed in treatment facility

55
Q

Process of deinstitutionalization

A

moved many people with severe mental illness out of instititutions accelarated in 1980s
- increase in homelessness/criminal justice system contacts occurred because not enough community mental health facilities and services were available

56
Q

Right to Treatment legislation

A

has been passed assuring appropriate treatment for patients in mental health facilities
- there is also a movement for patients to be able to refuse treatment legally

57
Q

Conversion disorder

A

symptoms (generally neurological) which cannot be accounted for via medical exams

la belle indifference: they do not seem to be bothered or concerned by their condition

  • Counseling, biofeedback, relaxation therapy might be beneficial

CPCE/NCE Prep (18 decks)

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