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CPCE/NCE Prep > Human Growth and Development (3/3) > Flashcards

Human Growth and Development (3/3) Flashcards

Diagnostic Criteria

1
Q

Depressive disorders

A
  • do not contain any disorders related to mania
  • bereavement has been excluded as part of a major depressive episode
  • physical causes must be considered
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2
Q

Most common and effective treatment for depressive disorders

A

medication and psychotherapy

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3
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for depressive disorders

A

CBT and interpersonal therapy

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4
Q

Specific depressive disorders

A
  • disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
  • major depressive disorder (single/recurrent episode)
  • persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
  • premenstrual dysphoric disorder
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5
Q

Bipolar and related disorders

A
  • mania and hypomania criteria focus on changes in energy/activity
  • depression and anxiety are often comorbid
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6
Q

Most effective treatment for bipolar and related disorders

A

mood-stabilizers and psychotherapy

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7
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for bipolar and related disorders

A

psychoeducation, family-focused therapy, CBT, interpersonal therapy

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8
Q

Specific bipolar and related disorders

A
  • bipolar I disorder
  • bipolar II disorder
  • cyclothymic disorder
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9
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

fear, anxiety, physical symptoms (heart palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath)
- comorbid with depressive disorders
- have early-age onset and suicide risk assessment is important

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10
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for anxiety disorders

A

CBT, behavior therapy, relaxation

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10
Q

Difference between anxiety disorder and a phobia

A

in an anxiety reaction, the client is unaware of the source of the fear

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11
Q

Specific anxiety disorders

A
  • separation anxiety disorder
  • selective mutism
  • specific phobia
  • social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
  • panic disorder
  • agoraphobia
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12
Q

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

A

feature obsessive preoccupation and engagement in repetitive behaviors
- previously classified in anxiety disorder, but principle feature is not anxiety
- often comorbid with depressive/anxiety disorders, hypochondriasis, eating disorder, ADHD, etc.

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13
Q

Most common and effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

A

combination of psychopharmacologic treatment and psychotherapy

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14
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

A

CBT, exposure and response prevention (form of CBT)

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15
Q

Specific obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

A
  • obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • body dysmorphic disorder
  • hoarding disorder
  • trichotillomania (hair-pulling) disorder
  • excoriation (skin-picking) disorder
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16
Q

Trauma- and stressor-related disorders

A

traumatic or stressful events may threaten an individual’s physical, social, emotional, cognitive, or spiritual well-being
- include sexual/physical assault, combat, torture, disasters, severe car accidents, child abuse, life-threatening illnesses
- these events can occur once or be re-occurring and overwhelm coping ability

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17
Q

Most common and effective treatment for trauma- and stressor-related disorders

A

variety of psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches

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18
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for trauma- and stressor- related disorders

A

varies based on several variables - age, nature/duration of traumatic event, coping skills/support

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19
Q

Specific trauma- and stressor-related disorders

A
  • reactive adjustment disorder
  • disinhibited social engagement disorder
  • posttraumatic stress disorder
  • acute stress disorder
  • adjustment disorders
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20
Q

Gender dysphoria in children, adolescents, and adults

A

conscious or unconscious feelings (especially in children) that there is a mismatch between the gender they were born and their desire for the gender they want to identify as
- especially in adolescents and adults this discomfort often leads to desire for gender reassignment through hormone replacement or surgery

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21
Q

Why is gender dysphoria included in DSM if it’s not listed as a disorder

A

Being included in the DSM makes medical interventions more likely to happen

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22
Q

Most common and effective treatment for gender dysphoria

A

support the client in coping with their feelings of incongruence and helping them promote optimal functioning

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23
Q

Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for gender dysphoria

A

family therapy for children who are gender variant including increasing the awareness of children and adolescents in how others react to them
- possible medical interventions
- increasing adult client’s awareness, understanding, functioning

24
There are diagnostic criteria for gender dysphoria in
- gender dysphoria in children - gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults
25
Substance-related and addictive disorders
prevalence rates of substance use are very high in the US with over 22 million individuals reporting use - focus on 10 classes of drugs - concepts of abuse and dependence are no longer included in the diagnosis - severity can be specified as mild, moderate, severe - a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms typify the disorder - criteria also covers social, occupational, interpersonal issues, risk-taking, tolerance, withdrawal Gambling disorder has similiar neurochemical brain responses and risk-taking behavior
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Most common and effective treatment for substance-related and addictive disorders
medical interventions including medically-controlled substitutes
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Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for substance-related and addictive disorders
adaptive coping mechanisms, substituting positive behaviors, mindfulness training in some cases
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Specific substance-related and addictive disorders
- alcohol-related disorders - cannabis-related disorders - hallucinogen-related disorders - inhalant-related disorders - opioid-related disorders - sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-related disorders - stimulant-related disorders
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Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders
characteristics include - impulse-control - conductive disorders (aggressive/self-destructive behaviors, destruction of property, conflict with authority figures, disregard for norms/outbursts of anger not proportionate to the situation) - emotional/behavioral regulation problems and typically appear first in childhood/adolescence high comorbidity with substance use, depressive, anxiety disorders
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Most common and effective treatment for disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders
for children - parent/family interventions and appropriate psychopharmacological interventions (especially for pyromania and kleptomania)
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Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders
- training and fostering positive time between parent and child (parent/family interventions), CBT can help modify cognitive distortions and develop problem-solving skills
32
Specific disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders
- oppositional defiant disorder - intermittent explosive disorder - conduct disorder - pyromania - kleptomania
33
Specific behavioral disruptions
Behavioral disruptions are classified into five distinct areas, grouped together because each will be disruptive in the behavioral of the individual who has the disorder 1. feeding/eating disorders 2. elimination disorders 3. sleep-wake disorders 4. sexual dysfunctions 5. paraphilic disorders
34
Most common and effective treatment for specific behavioral disruptions
for many of these disorders, medical interventions may be necessary including psychopharmacological treatment and psychotherapeutic means (although approaches vary depending on specific disorder)
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Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for specific behavioral disruptions
trusting relationship with a counselor is necessary and application of DBT may be helpful especially when other approaches have failed - eating/elimination disorders may lend themselves to **family counseling** and medical/behavioral interventions
36
Specific behavioral disruptions examples
feeding/eating disorders - pica - rumination disorder - anorexia nervosa - bulimia nervosa - binge-eating disorder elimination disorders - enuresis - encopresis sleep-wake disorders - insomnia disorder - restless legs syndrome sexual dysfunctions - erectile disorder - female orgasmic disorder - permature (early) ejaculation paraphilic disorders - pedophilic disorder - voyeuristic disorder - fetishistic disorder
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Neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders
probably have a biological basis (so counselors may not be the ones diagnosing them) - neurodevelopmental = begin in childhood - neurocognitive = may be more prevalent later in life but can be found in all ages
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Most common and effective treatment for neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders
following diagnosis, counselors can work with clients/families in conjunction with medical/pharmacological treatment - children/adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders may initially be in contact wiht counselors in school/community mental health settings
39
Specific neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders
neurodevelopmental: - intellectual disability - language disorder - autism spectrum disorder - attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder neurocognitive: - delirium - alzheimer's disease - parkinson's disease
40
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
characterized by 1+ of the following 5 symptom classes: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, disorganized/abnormal motor behavior, negative symptoms - some may be temporary and found in individuals as a result of medication/substance use - many who meet criteria for psychotic disorders have a lifelong struggle with psychotic symptomology - should refer to medical personnel for definitive diagnoses
41
Most common and effective treatment for schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
along with medications, provide psychosocial interventions to assist with coping and occupational functioning CBT, psychoeducation, family intervention/support; psychoed about medication management
42
Specific schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorders
- brief psychotic disorder - schizophrenia - schizoaffective disorder
43
Dissociative disorders
represent a disconnection between things usually connected which signify a disruption in normal integration of consciousness, identity, memory, body representation, motor control, behavior - usually associated with trauma and can occur at any age (certain medical conditions, seizures, drug use, brain injuries may result in dissociative symptoms - comorbid with depressive, anxiety, substance use - self-injurious and suicidal behavior may be common
44
Most common and effective treatment for dissociative disorders
first establish a safe and stable environment for the client - CBT, DBT, hypnosis and psychotropic medication
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Specific types of dissociation
- depersonalization - derealization - amnesia - identity confusion - identity alteration
46
Somatic symptom and related disorders
characterized by the presence of physical/somatic complaints and the feelings, thoughts, behaviors that go along with these complaints that cause distress/impairment - although many complaints cannot be confirmed by physicians, to the individual they are real - **hypochondriasis is not used due to stigma** - cultural factors may contribute to experience of symptoms
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Most common and effective treatment for somatic symptom and related disorders
physical exam to determine validity of somatic complaints medication problem solving approach - CBT, psychoeducation including how stress influences bodily sensations and relaxation training may be helpful
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Specific somatic symptom and related disorders
- somatic symptom disorder - illness anxiety disorder - conversion disorder
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Personality disorders
characterized by persistent maladaptive patterns of behavior, affect, cognition, interpersonal functioning - these patterns deviate from culture and usually begin before adulthood - these traits have an impact on life and ability to function in home, school, work - tendency to see these maladaptive patterns as persistent throughout life thus making treatment difficult - often viewed as difficult/challenging to treat
50
Most common and effective treatment for personality disorders
can be challenging to treat there is some evidence that supports psychotherapy as more effective than psychopharmacological approaches - difficult to distinguish normal from pathological personality functioning
51
Specific types of personality disorders
Cluster A (odd, eccentric) - paranoid - schizoid - schizotypal Cluster B (dramatic, unpredictable) - antisocial - borderline - narcissistic Cluster C (anxious, fearful) - histrionic - obsessive-compulsive - dependent
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Mental health services
related to abnormal human behavior and mental health services
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Mental illness
legal concept usually meaning severe emotional or thought disturbances that negatively affect individual's health and safety
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Civil commitment laws
unique to each state describe how an individual can be declared legally to have a mental illness and be placed in treatment facility
55
Process of deinstitutionalization
moved many people with severe mental illness out of instititutions accelarated in 1980s - increase in homelessness/criminal justice system contacts occurred because not enough community mental health facilities and services were available
56
Right to Treatment legislation
has been passed assuring appropriate treatment for patients in mental health facilities - there is also a movement for patients to be able to refuse treatment legally
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Conversion disorder
symptoms (generally neurological) which cannot be accounted for via medical exams **la belle indifference**: they do not seem to be bothered or concerned by their condition - Counseling, biofeedback, relaxation therapy might be beneficial

CPCE/NCE Prep (18 decks)

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