Human Growth and Development (3/3) Flashcards
Diagnostic Criteria
Depressive disorders
- do not contain any disorders related to mania
- bereavement has been excluded as part of a major depressive episode
- physical causes must be considered
Most common and effective treatment for depressive disorders
medication and psychotherapy
Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for depressive disorders
CBT and interpersonal therapy
Specific depressive disorders
- disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
- major depressive disorder (single/recurrent episode)
- persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Bipolar and related disorders
- mania and hypomania criteria focus on changes in energy/activity
- depression and anxiety are often comorbid
Most effective treatment for bipolar and related disorders
mood-stabilizers and psychotherapy
Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for bipolar and related disorders
psychoeducation, family-focused therapy, CBT, interpersonal therapy
Specific bipolar and related disorders
- bipolar I disorder
- bipolar II disorder
- cyclothymic disorder
Anxiety disorders
fear, anxiety, physical symptoms (heart palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath)
- comorbid with depressive disorders
- have early-age onset and suicide risk assessment is important
Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for anxiety disorders
CBT, behavior therapy, relaxation
Difference between anxiety disorder and a phobia
in an anxiety reaction, the client is unaware of the source of the fear
Specific anxiety disorders
- separation anxiety disorder
- selective mutism
- specific phobia
- social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
- panic disorder
- agoraphobia
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
feature obsessive preoccupation and engagement in repetitive behaviors
- previously classified in anxiety disorder, but principle feature is not anxiety
- often comorbid with depressive/anxiety disorders, hypochondriasis, eating disorder, ADHD, etc.
Most common and effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
combination of psychopharmacologic treatment and psychotherapy
Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
CBT, exposure and response prevention (form of CBT)
Specific obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
- obsessive-compulsive disorder
- body dysmorphic disorder
- hoarding disorder
- trichotillomania (hair-pulling) disorder
- excoriation (skin-picking) disorder
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders
traumatic or stressful events may threaten an individual’s physical, social, emotional, cognitive, or spiritual well-being
- include sexual/physical assault, combat, torture, disasters, severe car accidents, child abuse, life-threatening illnesses
- these events can occur once or be re-occurring and overwhelm coping ability
Most common and effective treatment for trauma- and stressor-related disorders
variety of psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches
Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for trauma- and stressor- related disorders
varies based on several variables - age, nature/duration of traumatic event, coping skills/support
Specific trauma- and stressor-related disorders
- reactive adjustment disorder
- disinhibited social engagement disorder
- posttraumatic stress disorder
- acute stress disorder
- adjustment disorders
Gender dysphoria in children, adolescents, and adults
conscious or unconscious feelings (especially in children) that there is a mismatch between the gender they were born and their desire for the gender they want to identify as
- especially in adolescents and adults this discomfort often leads to desire for gender reassignment through hormone replacement or surgery
Why is gender dysphoria included in DSM if it’s not listed as a disorder
Being included in the DSM makes medical interventions more likely to happen
Most common and effective treatment for gender dysphoria
support the client in coping with their feelings of incongruence and helping them promote optimal functioning
Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for gender dysphoria
family therapy for children who are gender variant including increasing the awareness of children and adolescents in how others react to them
- possible medical interventions
- increasing adult client’s awareness, understanding, functioning
There are diagnostic criteria for gender dysphoria in
- gender dysphoria in children
- gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults
Substance-related and addictive disorders
prevalence rates of substance use are very high in the US with over 22 million individuals reporting use
- focus on 10 classes of drugs
- concepts of abuse and dependence are no longer included in the diagnosis
- severity can be specified as mild, moderate, severe
- a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms typify the disorder
- criteria also covers social, occupational, interpersonal issues, risk-taking, tolerance, withdrawal
Gambling disorder has similiar neurochemical brain responses and risk-taking behavior
Most common and effective treatment for substance-related and addictive disorders
medical interventions including medically-controlled substitutes
Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for substance-related and addictive disorders
adaptive coping mechanisms, substituting positive behaviors, mindfulness training in some cases
Specific substance-related and addictive disorders
- alcohol-related disorders
- cannabis-related disorders
- hallucinogen-related disorders
- inhalant-related disorders
- opioid-related disorders
- sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-related disorders
- stimulant-related disorders
Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders
characteristics include
- impulse-control
- conductive disorders (aggressive/self-destructive behaviors, destruction of property, conflict with authority figures, disregard for norms/outbursts of anger not proportionate to the situation)
- emotional/behavioral regulation problems and typically appear first in childhood/adolescence
high comorbidity with substance use, depressive, anxiety disorders
Most common and effective treatment for disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders
for children - parent/family interventions and appropriate psychopharmacological interventions (especially for pyromania and kleptomania)
Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders
- training and fostering positive time between parent and child (parent/family interventions), CBT can help modify cognitive distortions and develop problem-solving skills
Specific disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders
- oppositional defiant disorder
- intermittent explosive disorder
- conduct disorder
- pyromania
- kleptomania
Specific behavioral disruptions
Behavioral disruptions are classified into five distinct areas, grouped together because each will be disruptive in the behavioral of the individual who has the disorder
1. feeding/eating disorders
2. elimination disorders
3. sleep-wake disorders
4. sexual dysfunctions
5. paraphilic disorders
Most common and effective treatment for specific behavioral disruptions
for many of these disorders, medical interventions may be necessary including psychopharmacological treatment and psychotherapeutic means (although approaches vary depending on specific disorder)
Most effective psychotherapeutic interventions for specific behavioral disruptions
trusting relationship with a counselor is necessary and application of DBT may be helpful especially when other approaches have failed
- eating/elimination disorders may lend themselves to family counseling and medical/behavioral interventions
Specific behavioral disruptions examples
feeding/eating disorders
- pica
- rumination disorder
- anorexia nervosa
- bulimia nervosa
- binge-eating disorder
elimination disorders
- enuresis
- encopresis
sleep-wake disorders
- insomnia disorder
- restless legs syndrome
sexual dysfunctions
- erectile disorder
- female orgasmic disorder
- permature (early) ejaculation
paraphilic disorders
- pedophilic disorder
- voyeuristic disorder
- fetishistic disorder
Neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders
probably have a biological basis (so counselors may not be the ones diagnosing them)
- neurodevelopmental = begin in childhood
- neurocognitive = may be more prevalent later in life but can be found in all ages
Most common and effective treatment for neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders
following diagnosis, counselors can work with clients/families in conjunction with medical/pharmacological treatment
- children/adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders may initially be in contact wiht counselors in school/community mental health settings
Specific neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders
neurodevelopmental:
- intellectual disability
- language disorder
- autism spectrum disorder
- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
neurocognitive:
- delirium
- alzheimer’s disease
- parkinson’s disease
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
characterized by 1+ of the following 5 symptom classes: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, disorganized/abnormal motor behavior, negative symptoms
- some may be temporary and found in individuals as a result of medication/substance use
- many who meet criteria for psychotic disorders have a lifelong struggle with psychotic symptomology
- should refer to medical personnel for definitive diagnoses
Most common and effective treatment for schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
along with medications, provide psychosocial interventions to assist with coping and occupational functioning
CBT, psychoeducation, family intervention/support; psychoed about medication management
Specific schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorders
- brief psychotic disorder
- schizophrenia
- schizoaffective disorder
Dissociative disorders
represent a disconnection between things usually connected which signify a disruption in normal integration of consciousness, identity, memory, body representation, motor control, behavior
- usually associated with trauma and can occur at any age (certain medical conditions, seizures, drug use, brain injuries may result in dissociative symptoms
- comorbid with depressive, anxiety, substance use
- self-injurious and suicidal behavior may be common
Most common and effective treatment for dissociative disorders
first establish a safe and stable environment for the client
- CBT, DBT, hypnosis and psychotropic medication
Specific types of dissociation
- depersonalization
- derealization
- amnesia
- identity confusion
- identity alteration
Somatic symptom and related disorders
characterized by the presence of physical/somatic complaints and the feelings, thoughts, behaviors that go along with these complaints that cause distress/impairment
- although many complaints cannot be confirmed by physicians, to the individual they are real
- hypochondriasis is not used due to stigma
- cultural factors may contribute to experience of symptoms
Most common and effective treatment for somatic symptom and related disorders
physical exam to determine validity of somatic complaints
medication
problem solving approach - CBT, psychoeducation including how stress influences bodily sensations and relaxation training may be helpful
Specific somatic symptom and related disorders
- somatic symptom disorder
- illness anxiety disorder
- conversion disorder
Personality disorders
characterized by persistent maladaptive patterns of behavior, affect, cognition, interpersonal functioning
- these patterns deviate from culture and usually begin before adulthood
- these traits have an impact on life and ability to function in home, school, work
- tendency to see these maladaptive patterns as persistent throughout life thus making treatment difficult
- often viewed as difficult/challenging to treat
Most common and effective treatment for personality disorders
can be challenging to treat
there is some evidence that supports psychotherapy as more effective than psychopharmacological approaches
- difficult to distinguish normal from pathological personality functioning
Specific types of personality disorders
Cluster A (odd, eccentric)
- paranoid
- schizoid
- schizotypal
Cluster B (dramatic, unpredictable)
- antisocial
- borderline
- narcissistic
Cluster C (anxious, fearful)
- histrionic
- obsessive-compulsive
- dependent
Mental health services
related to abnormal human behavior and mental health services
Mental illness
legal concept usually meaning severe emotional or thought disturbances that negatively affect individual’s health and safety
Civil commitment laws
unique to each state
describe how an individual can be declared legally to have a mental illness and be placed in treatment facility
Process of deinstitutionalization
moved many people with severe mental illness out of instititutions accelarated in 1980s
- increase in homelessness/criminal justice system contacts occurred because not enough community mental health facilities and services were available
Right to Treatment legislation
has been passed assuring appropriate treatment for patients in mental health facilities
- there is also a movement for patients to be able to refuse treatment legally
Conversion disorder
symptoms (generally neurological) which cannot be accounted for via medical exams
la belle indifference: they do not seem to be bothered or concerned by their condition
- Counseling, biofeedback, relaxation therapy might be beneficial
