Human Growth and Development (2/3) Flashcards
Mental Health
Normality
the baseline for understanding the human condition
Wellness
the goal of counseling, not the absence of psychpathological symptoms
(contrasts medical model that focuses on symptoms/deficits)
Mental Health Counseling
- espouses a holistic, wellness orientation
- views remedial and psychopathological issues from a positive, developmental orientation
- views individual as embedded in larger systems
- stresses greater reliance/focus on education and prevention and less on remediation
Psychological dysfunction
a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
- unexpected in cultural context and associated with personal distress/substantial impairment in functioning
Psychopathology
the scientific study of psychological disorders
Prevalence
how many (what percent) of the population has the disorder
Incidence
how many new cases occur within a given time frame such as a year
Prognosis
anticipated course of a disorder
Etiology
what causes a disorder (why does it begin?)
- involves biological, psychological, and social dimensions
Equifinality
there may be multiple paths to a given outcome
- ex. depression may be caused by physical injury, grief, substance abuse
Comorbidity
an individual has two or more disorders at the same time
Adaptive functioning
defense mechanisms are used to cope with stressors
- Mechanisms leading to optimal adaptation include anticipation, humor, sublimation
- failure to regulate stress may lead to break with reality resulting in delusional projection or psychotic distortion
Causal Models
One-dimensional
this model assumes that a disorder is caused by one factor (such as a chemical imbalance)
Research does not support this linear model!
Causal Models
Multidimensional Models
these models assume that a disorder is caused by the interaction of several factors/dimensions
Causal Models: Multidimensional Models
Context of the individual includes:
Biology
1
genetic factors appear to make some contribution to all psychological disorders by influencing cognitions, behaviors, emotions
Causal Models: Multidimensional Models
Context of the individual includes:
Biology
2
Nervous system influences psychological disorders primarily through neurotransmitters
Causal Models: Multidimensional Models
Context of the individual includes:
Behavior and cognitive factors
how we acquire/process/store/retrieve info influences behavior
- we acquire and learn behaviors through conditioning and social learning
Causal Models: Multidimensional Models
Context of the individual includes:
Emotions
Emotion: short-lived
Mood: more persistent period of emotionality
Causal Models: Multidimensional Models
Context of the individual includes:
Cultural/social/interpersonal behaviors
gender influences the incidence of some disorders
the amount and kind of social relationships and contacts help predict longevity by reducing the incidence of certain physical disorders potentially by influencing the immune system
Ego-dystonic traits
the individual perceives the symptoms or traits as unacceptable and undesirable
Ego-syntonic traits
the individual perceives the symptoms or traits as acceptable
Clinical assessment
the process of determining the psychological, biological, social factors which may be associated with psychological disorder
Diagnosis
- the process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the criteria for a psychological disorder
- may change or expand pending further info
- usually it is based on a formal classification system of mental disorders such as the DSM
Biopsychosocial history
the examination of multiple facets to shed light on possible reasons for certain behaviors and attitudes
Biopsychosocial history
BIO
physical traits, disabilities/abilities, genetic factors, neurological factors, medical history, diet, meds, sleep patterns
Biopsychosocial history
PSYCHO
self-image/self-concept, mental states, emotions, trauma, abuse, drug use, psychological strengths/weaknesses, coping skills
Biopsychosocial history
SOCIAL
relationships with family/others, environment, culture, friendships, stress on the job, lifestyle, marital issues, religion/beliefs
Mental status exam (MSE)
Addresses:
- appearance/behavior
- thought processes
- mood/affect
- intellectual functioning
- sensorium
Different from biopsychosocial because it describes a person at a specific point in time
Sensorium
addresses orientation and awareness to surroundings, time, place, identity
Psychological assessment
Clinical interview
provides another avenue of behavioral assessment
may be unstructured or structured with questions and topics already established
Psychological assessment
Psychological tests
may measure cognitive functioning, emotional/behavioral responses, personality characteristics
Psychological assessment
Projective tests
a type of standardized test
- vague or ambiguous stimuli are presented for response and those responses are evaluated
Psychological assessment
Examples of projective tests
Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Incomplete Sentences Blank
Psychological assessment
Personality tests
a type of standardized test
examination of individual attributes, types, and traits related to cognitions, emotions, actions, and attitudes
Psychological assessment
Examples of personality tests
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), California Psychological Inventory
Psychological assessment
Intelligence tests
a type of standardized test
evaluate cognitive abilities
Psychological assessment
Examples of intelligence tests
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - IV
Psychological assessment
Nonstandardized assessments
informal methods
- includes checklists and rating scales
- provide a more subjective estimate of attitude and behavior
Neuropsychological assessment
measure brain dysfunction and abilities like language expression, attention and concentration, memory, motor skills, perceptual abilities
Neuropsychological assessment examples
Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery: measures organic damage and locations of such injury
Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test: used with children, can measure brain dysfunction
Case conceptualization
the clinical hypothesis the counselor develops based on the data from the assessment process
- a way of organizing info about the client, understanding and explaining the client’s situation and maladaptive patterns, guiding and focusing treatment, anticipating challenges and roadblocks, preparing for successful termination
Treatment plan
the therapeutic roadmap to help clients improve mental health and daily functioning
- helps resolve enough problems so they can function at a higher level, and move to less restrictive treatment environment
Continuum of care
Most restrictive to least:
Inpatient hospitalization -> partial or day hospital care -> group home/residential care -> IOPs -> home health care -> outpatient services
DSM-V
published in 2013
ICD-10-CM (Clinical Modification)
Current codes, HIPAA-approved for reporting diagnoses for insurance reinbursement purposes
V codes
conditions not attributed to a mental disorder but are important to intervention efforts
- provide for the client’s worldview, psychosocial, contextual info
- relational probs, abuse, occupational/acculturation issues are included
In DSM, focus for identifying disorders is on
pathophysiological origins (biological orientation)
Problems of growth and development of the brain/CNS impact
behavior, learning, social interactions
DSM relies on ____
dimensional assessments not categorical descriptions of disorders
- focus on frequency, duration, severity of experience with a disorder NOT the presence/absence of a symptom
Differential diagnosis
the process of differentiating between 2+ disorders that share similar symptoms
First DSM was released in ——- and had approximately ——– diagnostic categories
first released in 1952 with approx. 100 diagnostic categories
DSM-III released in 1980, moved focus from —- to ——
from psychodynamic to medical model of disease and mental health
The DSM-5 does not separate diagnoses of substance abuse and dependence!
…
Cybernetics
pioneered by Norbert Wiener
in family therapy, suggests that the family has feedback loops to self-correct a family system
Morphostasis
ability of the family to balance stability
Morphogenesis
family’s ability to change
Adaptability is the ability of the family to balance
stability and change; morphostasis and morphogenesis
