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Human Growth and Development (2/3) Flashcards

Mental Health

1
Q

Normality

A

the baseline for understanding the human condition

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2
Q

Wellness

A

the goal of counseling, not the absence of psychpathological symptoms
(contrasts medical model that focuses on symptoms/deficits)

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3
Q

Mental Health Counseling

A
  • espouses a holistic, wellness orientation
  • views remedial and psychopathological issues from a positive, developmental orientation
  • views individual as embedded in larger systems
  • stresses greater reliance/focus on education and prevention and less on remediation
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4
Q

Psychological dysfunction

A

a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
- unexpected in cultural context and associated with personal distress/substantial impairment in functioning

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5
Q

Psychopathology

A

the scientific study of psychological disorders

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6
Q

Prevalence

A

how many (what percent) of the population has the disorder

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7
Q

Incidence

A

how many new cases occur within a given time frame such as a year

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8
Q

Prognosis

A

anticipated course of a disorder

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9
Q

Etiology

A

what causes a disorder (why does it begin?)
- involves biological, psychological, and social dimensions

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10
Q

Equifinality

A

there may be multiple paths to a given outcome
- ex. depression may be caused by physical injury, grief, substance abuse

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11
Q

Comorbidity

A

an individual has two or more disorders at the same time

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12
Q

Adaptive functioning

A

defense mechanisms are used to cope with stressors
- Mechanisms leading to optimal adaptation include anticipation, humor, sublimation
- failure to regulate stress may lead to break with reality resulting in delusional projection or psychotic distortion

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13
Q

Causal Models

One-dimensional

A

this model assumes that a disorder is caused by one factor (such as a chemical imbalance)
Research does not support this linear model!

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14
Q

Causal Models

Multidimensional Models

A

these models assume that a disorder is caused by the interaction of several factors/dimensions

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15
Q

Causal Models: Multidimensional Models

Context of the individual includes:
Biology

1

A

genetic factors appear to make some contribution to all psychological disorders by influencing cognitions, behaviors, emotions

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16
Q

Causal Models: Multidimensional Models

Context of the individual includes:
Biology

2

A

Nervous system influences psychological disorders primarily through neurotransmitters

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17
Q

Causal Models: Multidimensional Models

Context of the individual includes:
Behavior and cognitive factors

A

how we acquire/process/store/retrieve info influences behavior
- we acquire and learn behaviors through conditioning and social learning

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18
Q

Causal Models: Multidimensional Models

Context of the individual includes:
Emotions

A

Emotion: short-lived
Mood: more persistent period of emotionality

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19
Q

Causal Models: Multidimensional Models

Context of the individual includes:
Cultural/social/interpersonal behaviors

A

gender influences the incidence of some disorders
the amount and kind of social relationships and contacts help predict longevity by reducing the incidence of certain physical disorders potentially by influencing the immune system

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20
Q

Ego-dystonic traits

A

the individual perceives the symptoms or traits as unacceptable and undesirable

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21
Q

Ego-syntonic traits

A

the individual perceives the symptoms or traits as acceptable

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22
Q

Clinical assessment

A

the process of determining the psychological, biological, social factors which may be associated with psychological disorder

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23
Q

Diagnosis

A
  • the process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the criteria for a psychological disorder
  • may change or expand pending further info
  • usually it is based on a formal classification system of mental disorders such as the DSM
24
Q

Biopsychosocial history

A

the examination of multiple facets to shed light on possible reasons for certain behaviors and attitudes

25
Biopsychosocial history BIO
physical traits, disabilities/abilities, genetic factors, neurological factors, medical history, diet, meds, sleep patterns
26
Biopsychosocial history PSYCHO
self-image/self-concept, mental states, emotions, trauma, abuse, drug use, psychological strengths/weaknesses, coping skills
27
Biopsychosocial history SOCIAL
relationships with family/others, environment, culture, friendships, stress on the job, lifestyle, marital issues, religion/beliefs
28
Mental status exam (MSE)
Addresses: - appearance/behavior - thought processes - mood/affect - intellectual functioning - sensorium Different from biopsychosocial because it describes a person at a specific point in time
29
Sensorium
addresses orientation and awareness to surroundings, time, place, identity
30
# Psychological assessment Clinical interview
provides another avenue of behavioral assessment may be unstructured or structured with questions and topics already established
31
# Psychological assessment Psychological tests
may measure cognitive functioning, emotional/behavioral responses, personality characteristics
32
# Psychological assessment Projective tests
a type of standardized test - vague or ambiguous stimuli are presented for response and those responses are evaluated
33
# Psychological assessment Examples of projective tests
Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Incomplete Sentences Blank
34
# Psychological assessment Personality tests
a type of standardized test examination of individual attributes, types, and traits related to cognitions, emotions, actions, and attitudes
35
# Psychological assessment Examples of personality tests
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), California Psychological Inventory
36
# Psychological assessment Intelligence tests
a type of standardized test evaluate cognitive abilities
37
# Psychological assessment Examples of intelligence tests
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - IV
38
# Psychological assessment Nonstandardized assessments
informal methods - includes checklists and rating scales - provide a more subjective estimate of attitude and behavior
39
Neuropsychological assessment
measure brain dysfunction and abilities like language expression, attention and concentration, memory, motor skills, perceptual abilities
40
Neuropsychological assessment examples
Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery: measures organic damage and locations of such injury Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test: used with children, can measure brain dysfunction
41
Case conceptualization
the clinical hypothesis the counselor develops based on the data from the assessment process - a way of organizing info about the client, understanding and explaining the client's situation and maladaptive patterns, guiding and focusing treatment, anticipating challenges and roadblocks, preparing for successful termination
42
Treatment plan
the therapeutic roadmap to help clients improve mental health and daily functioning - helps resolve enough problems so they can function at a higher level, and move to less restrictive treatment environment
43
Continuum of care
Most restrictive to least: Inpatient hospitalization -> partial or day hospital care -> group home/residential care -> IOPs -> home health care -> outpatient services
44
DSM-V
published in 2013
45
ICD-10-CM (Clinical Modification)
Current codes, HIPAA-approved for reporting diagnoses for insurance reinbursement purposes
46
V codes
conditions not attributed to a mental disorder but are important to intervention efforts - provide for the client's worldview, psychosocial, contextual info - relational probs, abuse, occupational/acculturation issues are included
47
In DSM, focus for identifying disorders is on
pathophysiological origins (biological orientation)
48
Problems of growth and development of the brain/CNS impact
behavior, learning, social interactions
49
DSM relies on ____
dimensional assessments not categorical descriptions of disorders - focus on frequency, duration, severity of experience with a disorder NOT the presence/absence of a symptom
50
Differential diagnosis
the process of differentiating between 2+ disorders that share similar symptoms
51
First DSM was released in ------- and had approximately -------- diagnostic categories
first released in 1952 with approx. 100 diagnostic categories
52
DSM-III released in 1980, moved focus from ---- to ------
from psychodynamic to medical model of disease and mental health
53
The DSM-5 does not separate diagnoses of substance abuse and dependence!
...
54
Cybernetics
pioneered by Norbert Wiener in family therapy, suggests that the family has feedback loops to self-correct a family system
55
Morphostasis
ability of the family to balance stability
56
Morphogenesis
family's ability to change
57
Adaptability is the ability of the family to balance
stability and change; morphostasis and morphogenesis

CPCE/NCE Prep (18 decks)

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