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CPCE/NCE Prep > Human Growth and Development (2/3) > Flashcards

Human Growth and Development (2/3) Flashcards

Mental Health

1
Q

Normality

A

the baseline for understanding the human condition

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2
Q

Wellness

A

the goal of counseling, not the absence of psychpathological symptoms
(contrasts medical model that focuses on symptoms/deficits)

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3
Q

Mental Health Counseling

A
  • espouses a holistic, wellness orientation
  • views remedial and psychopathological issues from a positive, developmental orientation
  • views individual as embedded in larger systems
  • stresses greater reliance/focus on education and prevention and less on remediation
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4
Q

Psychological dysfunction

A

a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
- unexpected in cultural context and associated with personal distress/substantial impairment in functioning

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5
Q

Psychopathology

A

the scientific study of psychological disorders

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6
Q

Prevalence

A

how many (what percent) of the population has the disorder

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7
Q

Incidence

A

how many new cases occur within a given time frame such as a year

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8
Q

Prognosis

A

anticipated course of a disorder

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9
Q

Etiology

A

what causes a disorder (why does it begin?)
- involves biological, psychological, and social dimensions

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10
Q

Equifinality

A

there may be multiple paths to a given outcome
- ex. depression may be caused by physical injury, grief, substance abuse

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11
Q

Comorbidity

A

an individual has two or more disorders at the same time

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12
Q

Adaptive functioning

A

defense mechanisms are used to cope with stressors
- Mechanisms leading to optimal adaptation include anticipation, humor, sublimation
- failure to regulate stress may lead to break with reality resulting in delusional projection or psychotic distortion

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13
Q

Causal Models

One-dimensional

A

this model assumes that a disorder is caused by one factor (such as a chemical imbalance)
Research does not support this linear model!

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14
Q

Causal Models

Multidimensional Models

A

these models assume that a disorder is caused by the interaction of several factors/dimensions

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15
Q

Causal Models: Multidimensional Models

Context of the individual includes:
Biology

1

A

genetic factors appear to make some contribution to all psychological disorders by influencing cognitions, behaviors, emotions

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16
Q

Causal Models: Multidimensional Models

Context of the individual includes:
Biology

2

A

Nervous system influences psychological disorders primarily through neurotransmitters

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17
Q

Causal Models: Multidimensional Models

Context of the individual includes:
Behavior and cognitive factors

A

how we acquire/process/store/retrieve info influences behavior
- we acquire and learn behaviors through conditioning and social learning

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18
Q

Causal Models: Multidimensional Models

Context of the individual includes:
Emotions

A

Emotion: short-lived
Mood: more persistent period of emotionality

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19
Q

Causal Models: Multidimensional Models

Context of the individual includes:
Cultural/social/interpersonal behaviors

A

gender influences the incidence of some disorders
the amount and kind of social relationships and contacts help predict longevity by reducing the incidence of certain physical disorders potentially by influencing the immune system

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20
Q

Ego-dystonic traits

A

the individual perceives the symptoms or traits as unacceptable and undesirable

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21
Q

Ego-syntonic traits

A

the individual perceives the symptoms or traits as acceptable

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22
Q

Clinical assessment

A

the process of determining the psychological, biological, social factors which may be associated with psychological disorder

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23
Q

Diagnosis

A
  • the process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the criteria for a psychological disorder
  • may change or expand pending further info
  • usually it is based on a formal classification system of mental disorders such as the DSM
24
Q

Biopsychosocial history

A

the examination of multiple facets to shed light on possible reasons for certain behaviors and attitudes

25
Q

Biopsychosocial history
BIO

A

physical traits, disabilities/abilities, genetic factors, neurological factors, medical history, diet, meds, sleep patterns

26
Q

Biopsychosocial history
PSYCHO

A

self-image/self-concept, mental states, emotions, trauma, abuse, drug use, psychological strengths/weaknesses, coping skills

27
Q

Biopsychosocial history
SOCIAL

A

relationships with family/others, environment, culture, friendships, stress on the job, lifestyle, marital issues, religion/beliefs

28
Q

Mental status exam (MSE)

A

Addresses:
- appearance/behavior
- thought processes
- mood/affect
- intellectual functioning
- sensorium

Different from biopsychosocial because it describes a person at a specific point in time

29
Q

Sensorium

A

addresses orientation and awareness to surroundings, time, place, identity

30
Q

Psychological assessment

Clinical interview

A

provides another avenue of behavioral assessment
may be unstructured or structured with questions and topics already established

31
Q

Psychological assessment

Psychological tests

A

may measure cognitive functioning, emotional/behavioral responses, personality characteristics

32
Q

Psychological assessment

Projective tests

A

a type of standardized test
- vague or ambiguous stimuli are presented for response and those responses are evaluated

33
Q

Psychological assessment

Examples of projective tests

A

Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Incomplete Sentences Blank

34
Q

Psychological assessment

Personality tests

A

a type of standardized test
examination of individual attributes, types, and traits related to cognitions, emotions, actions, and attitudes

35
Q

Psychological assessment

Examples of personality tests

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), California Psychological Inventory

36
Q

Psychological assessment

Intelligence tests

A

a type of standardized test
evaluate cognitive abilities

37
Q

Psychological assessment

Examples of intelligence tests

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - IV

38
Q

Psychological assessment

Nonstandardized assessments

A

informal methods
- includes checklists and rating scales
- provide a more subjective estimate of attitude and behavior

39
Q

Neuropsychological assessment

A

measure brain dysfunction and abilities like language expression, attention and concentration, memory, motor skills, perceptual abilities

40
Q

Neuropsychological assessment examples

A

Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery: measures organic damage and locations of such injury
Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test: used with children, can measure brain dysfunction

41
Q

Case conceptualization

A

the clinical hypothesis the counselor develops based on the data from the assessment process
- a way of organizing info about the client, understanding and explaining the client’s situation and maladaptive patterns, guiding and focusing treatment, anticipating challenges and roadblocks, preparing for successful termination

42
Q

Treatment plan

A

the therapeutic roadmap to help clients improve mental health and daily functioning
- helps resolve enough problems so they can function at a higher level, and move to less restrictive treatment environment

43
Q

Continuum of care

A

Most restrictive to least:
Inpatient hospitalization -> partial or day hospital care -> group home/residential care -> IOPs -> home health care -> outpatient services

44
Q

DSM-V

A

published in 2013

45
Q

ICD-10-CM (Clinical Modification)

A

Current codes, HIPAA-approved for reporting diagnoses for insurance reinbursement purposes

46
Q

V codes

A

conditions not attributed to a mental disorder but are important to intervention efforts
- provide for the client’s worldview, psychosocial, contextual info
- relational probs, abuse, occupational/acculturation issues are included

47
Q

In DSM, focus for identifying disorders is on

A

pathophysiological origins (biological orientation)

48
Q

Problems of growth and development of the brain/CNS impact

A

behavior, learning, social interactions

49
Q

DSM relies on ____

A

dimensional assessments not categorical descriptions of disorders
- focus on frequency, duration, severity of experience with a disorder NOT the presence/absence of a symptom

50
Q

Differential diagnosis

A

the process of differentiating between 2+ disorders that share similar symptoms

51
Q

First DSM was released in ——- and had approximately ——– diagnostic categories

A

first released in 1952 with approx. 100 diagnostic categories

52
Q

DSM-III released in 1980, moved focus from —- to ——

A

from psychodynamic to medical model of disease and mental health

53
Q

The DSM-5 does not separate diagnoses of substance abuse and dependence!

A

…

54
Q

Cybernetics

A

pioneered by Norbert Wiener
in family therapy, suggests that the family has feedback loops to self-correct a family system

55
Q

Morphostasis

A

ability of the family to balance stability

56
Q

Morphogenesis

A

family’s ability to change

57
Q

Adaptability is the ability of the family to balance

A

stability and change; morphostasis and morphogenesis

CPCE/NCE Prep (18 decks)

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