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0011 > Social > Flashcards

Social Flashcards

1
Q

Social Cognition

A

Making sense of information around us

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2
Q

Social Perception

A
  • Understand and make judgements of other people’s behaviours
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3
Q

Social Interaction

A

Process by which people interact with each other

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4
Q

Person Perspective

A

Characteristics that individuals carry into social situations

  • E.G. Self esteem, extraversion
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5
Q

Situational Perspective

A

Environmental and circumstances outside of the person’s control

  • E.G. Social norms in Uni vs in a pub
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6
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Giving a casual explanation for someone’s behavior, crediting either internal dispositions (personality) or external situations

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7
Q

Covariation Model

A

People ask themselves questions to determine if they will make an internal or external attribution

  1. Consistency information: Does the actor behave the same toward the stimulus in different situations
  2. Consensus Information: Do other people behave the same toward the stimulus?
  3. Distinctiveness Information: Does the actor behave the same toward different stimuli?
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8
Q

Correspondence Bias/Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency to over-attribute behaviour to personality traits and underestimate situational influence

  • E.G. See someone speeding and assume they are reckless driver
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9
Q

Quiz Show Paradigm

A
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10
Q

Attitudes

A

Organisation of belief, feelings and behaviour tendencies toward people

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11
Q

Measurements of attitudes

A
  1. Explicit attitudes - Conscious
    E.G. People fake their response because they don’t want reseracher to think negatively of them
  2. Implict attitudes - Unconscious
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12
Q

Implicit Association Test (HAT)

A

Findings: If you have pre-existing association between “flowers and good words” it should take you longer to respond to “flower and bad words”

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13
Q

Theory of Reasoned Action

A
  • Behavior change is determined by the intention to perform a behavior
  • See docs
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14
Q

Theory of Planned Behaviour

A
  • Easy or difficulty of performing behaviour added to Theory of Reasoned Action
  • See docs
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15
Q

Cognitive Dissonances

A
  • State of conflict after they make a particular decision
  • Makes us feel unpleasant so we are motivated to CHANGE BEHAVIOUR, CHANGE OPINION, ADD NEW COGNITIONS
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16
Q

Reasons for Attitude Shift

A
  1. Motivational - Reduce tension of holding two opposing beliefs
  2. Purely Cognitive - Observe own behaviour
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17
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A
  • How people can be persuaded
  • See docs
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18
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model: CENTRAL ROUTE

A
  • Thinks carefully about the message
  • Pay attention to quality of argument
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19
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model: PERIPHERAL MODEL

A

Emotional appeal

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20
Q

Stereotypes

A

Characteristics and beliefs about a group

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21
Q

Prejudice

A

Positive or negative attitude towards a group

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22
Q

Discrimination

A

Harmful behaviour towards a group

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23
Q

Causes of Stereotypes

A
  • Social Identity Theory - Categorise people into “us” and “them” groups
  • Stereotypes are transmitted through culture and society
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24
Q

Causes of Prejudice

A
  • Social Identity Theory - Categorise people into “us” and “them” groups
  • Competition over scarce resources
25
Q

Compliance

A

People try to persuade your opinion attitude

26
Q

Conformity

A

Tendency for people to adopt the attitudes of other members of a reference group

27
Q

Obedience

A

Compliance with an authority figure

28
Q

Types of Social Influence

A
  1. Informational Influence - individuals desire behaving in the “correct” way
  2. Normative influence - individuals desire to be accepted
29
Q

Informational Social Influence - Autokinetic Effect

A
  • Participant asked to judge how far a light moved, when light did not actually move
  • Findings: Participants make their estimate in a group setting, and over time, the estimates of the group converged
  • PRIVATE ACCEPTANCE
30
Q

Normative Social Influence - Line Studies

A
  • People seated around a table with only one real participant and other are working with the experiment
  • Findings: Overall 33% of trials in which fake participants gave wrong answer, the real participants gave the same wrong answer
  • PUBLIC COMPLIANCE
31
Q

Factors Affecting Conformity

A
  • Ambiguity
  • Need to be accurate
  • Unanimity
  • Admiration of the status of the group
32
Q

Minority Influence

A
  • Numerical or power minority can change the behaviours of the majority
33
Q

Moscovici, Lage, & Naffrechoux (1969)

A
  • Findings: When minority was consistent, real participants conformed 9% of the time
  • Findings: When minority was inconsistent, real participants conformed 2% of the time
34
Q

Conversion Effect

A
  • Minority influence brings about private acceptance in the attitudes of a majority
  • Many majority groups are not strong believers
35
Q

Obedience

A

Compliance with an authority figure

36
Q

Milgram’s (1963)

A
  • Everytime learner gets something wrong, he gets shocked by teacher and increases by 15V every time but shock machine is fake
  • 26 participants out of 40 only stopped at 450V
37
Q

Why do we obey?

A
  1. Informational social influence
  2. Normative social influence
  3. Self Justification
  4. Loss of personal responsibility
38
Q

Prosocial Behaviour

A

Behaving in a way that is good for other people or society

39
Q

Helping Behaviour

A

Acts that intentionally benefit someone else

40
Q

Altruism

A

Help other people even when there is

  • No apparent personal gain
  • Potential costs to helper
41
Q

Social Norms

A

Expectations for a group regarding acceptable and appropriate attitudes and behaviours

42
Q

Evolutionary Social Psychology

A
  • Kin Selection (natural selection of favourable behaviours)
  • Reciprocity
  • Mutually cooperative behaviour
43
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

People will help if benefits outweigh costs

44
Q

Social Roles

A

Socially defined pattern of behaviour that is expected of a person

45
Q

Altruistic Helping

A

Motivated by empathy

  • Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis - empathise with someone that gives rise to altruistic motivation to help others
46
Q

Egoistic Helping

A

Motivated to get something in return

  • Negative-State Relief Hypothesis - help to feel better about yourself
47
Q

Influences on Prosocial Behaviour

A
  • Individual Differences
  • Situational Factors
48
Q

Influences on Prosocial Behaviour: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

A
  • Personality
  • Gender
  • Mood
49
Q

Influences on Prosocial Behaviour: SITUATIONAL FACTORS

A

Bystander Effect - people are less likely to help in the presence of others than when alone

50
Q

5 Step Model

A
  1. Notice the event
  2. Interpret the event as emergency
  3. Assume responsibility
  4. Know appropriate form of assistance
  5. Implement decision
51
Q

Proximity/Propinquity

A

The more we see and interact with person, the more we like them

52
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A
  • Repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object
  • Can be positive or negative
53
Q

Reciprocity

A
  • We like those who like us
  • We dislike those who dislike u
54
Q

Similarity

A
  • Similarity in terms of opinions, attitudes and interest
  • Not necessarily personality traits
55
Q

Similarity Promotes Attraction

A
  • Similar others have qualities we like
  • Similar others validate our beliefs
  • We make negative inferences about people who disagree with us
56
Q

Passionate Love

A
  • Ecstatic
  • Physically arousing
  • Desire for physical contact
  • Sadness when things are not going well
57
Q

Companionate Love

A
  • Intimate
  • Soul mates
  • Commitment to the relationship
58
Q

Good and Bad in Relationships

A
  • Positive behaviours: Validating and expressing appreciation
  • Negative behaviours: criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling
59
Q

Attributions for partner’s behaviour

A
  • Internal for positive and external for negative behaviours (in more satisfying relationships)
  • External for positive and internal for negative behaviours (in less satisfying relationships)

0011 (6 decks)

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