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0011 > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

Why is History Important?

A

“Those who do not know history are doomed to repeat it”

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2
Q

Presentist Bias

A

Tendency to analyse past ideas in terms of the present

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3
Q

Zeitgeist

A

Spirit of the times

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4
Q

Ibn Al-Haytham

A

Founder of psychophysics and experimental psychology

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5
Q

Historical Truth

A
  • Requires interpretation
  • We have to believe someone
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6
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A
  • Structuralism
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7
Q

Weber’s Law

A
  • Change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus
  • If 5 gram is the noticeable difference between 100 and 105 grams, then for 1000 gram, it will be 1050 gram
  • Hence, Weber Fraction is 5/100
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8
Q

Introspection

A
  • Study the structure of the mind and consciousness
  • Mental elements make up our conscious experience
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9
Q

Structuralism

A
  • Understanding what makes up the mind
  • Problem is can’t divide current thoughts to analyse them to little building blocks
  • Problem is stream of consciousness
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10
Q

Trypanon

A
  • Drill turned by hand into skull
  • Treat mental illness by letting out “evil spirits”
  • Treat fractures and headaches
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11
Q

Brain

A

Neuro-biological processes that generate mental processes

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12
Q

Mind

A
  • All subjective experiences
  • Individual perceptions, memories, incentives
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13
Q

Behaviour

A

Wide variety of actions that can be observed

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14
Q

Egypt

A
  • Heart was the seat of the soul
  • Feelings and thinking came from heart not the brain
  • The brain was discarded
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15
Q

Edwin Smith Papyrus

A

The seat of the soul was clearly different than the source of our behaviour

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16
Q

3 Cell Theory

A
  1. Cell 1 is the collection of information from sense
  2. Cell 2 is cognition and thinking
  3. Cell 3 is memory
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17
Q

Paul Broca (1824 - 1880)

A

Patient had brain lesion where he could understand but couldn’t speak

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18
Q

Karl Wernicke (1848 - 1905)

A
  • Patient had brain lesion
  • Speech production was intact but language comprehension was gone
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19
Q

Phrenology

A
  • Franz Josef Gall and his student Spurzheim
  • If you had a bump on your head, you were more specialised in that area
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20
Q

Phinnias Gage

A

Stick went through his skull and brain and personality changed

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21
Q

Lobotomy

A

Incision into the prefrontal lobe of the brain of mental illness

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22
Q

Lay-Persons

A

68% of the 300 participants answered that psychologists can “read people’s mind”

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23
Q

Problem of Demarcation

A

Asking what is scientific and what is unscientific?

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24
Q

Clever Hans

A
  • Horse that can count by tapping his feet
  • See docs
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25
Q

Subliminal Perception

A
  • Puts the thought in your mind without even being consciously aware.
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26
Q

Karl Popper (1902 - 1994)

A
  • Claimed falsifiability/null hypothesis
  • Hypothesis all swans are white
  • Can only prove wrong since black swans definitely exist
27
Q

Thomas Kuhn (1922 - 1996)

A
28
Q

Molyneux’s Problem

A

If a man who has been born blind and has learnt to distinguish and name a globe and a cube by touch, would he be able to distinguish and name these objects simply by sight once he had been enabled to see

29
Q

Mental Presentation

A

Image of an object that comes to mind first

30
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

We are born with an empty slate

31
Q

Rationalism

A

Life should be based on logic, rather than emotions and religion

32
Q

Body-Mind Problem

A

Monoism - only mind exists or only body exists

33
Q

Materialism

A

Only body exists

34
Q

Mentalism/Immaterialism

A
  • Nothing exists if you don’t have a mind
  • Objects can’t exist without it being perceived
  • George Berkeley (1685-1753)
35
Q

Interactionalism

A
  • Both mind and body exist at the same time
36
Q

René Descartes

A
  • “I think, therefore I am
  • You can doubt everything except your own existence
37
Q

Emmanuel Kant

A

“The human mind knows objects: it is innate!”

38
Q

Noam Chomsky

A
  • Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
  • Born with the ability to learn language but must be activated in critical/sensitive period
39
Q

Imprinting

A
  • Attachment is innate and programmed genetically
40
Q

Genie

A
  • At 13 years of age, this child had spent the past 11 years harnessed to potty seat
  • Couldn’t speak
41
Q

Gestalt

A
  • You cannot build a house by studying a brick
  • Perceptual Organisation
42
Q

Gesalt Laws

A

See docs

43
Q

Behaviorism

A
  • The behaviour of a person is the product of all one has learned in the past
  • Behaviors are acquired through conditioning, and conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment
44
Q

Classical Conditioning

A
  • Something that produces a response becomes paired with something else
  • Over time, the ‘something else’ produces the same response
  • Thoughts and feelings were irrelevant-

See docs

45
Q

Operant Conditioning

A
  • Reward or punishment make a behaviour more or less likely
  • Assumption: Behavioural Hedonism: We are motivted to learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain- Reward or punishment make a behaviour more or less likely
46
Q

John B. Watson

A

The behaviour of a person is the product of all one has learned in the past

47
Q

Thorndike’s Puzzle Box

A
  • Satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again
  • Discomforting effect become less likely to occur again
48
Q

Skinner

A

Rat, flower pot and palettes
Have to get rat to sit on the flower pot
Rewarding small steps
Everytime the rat looks at the pallet, gives food. Keep doing it and then stop suddenly.
Rat is going to wonder and everytime it walks closer to the pot and then gives food. Keep doing it and then stop suddenly.
Rat is going to wonder and everytime it puts its paws onto the pot, give food.

49
Q

Intermezzo

A
  • Learned helplessness based on uncontrollable events
  • Seligman’s experiments: dogs learned helplessness after being shocked without escape, later failing to jump a hurdle to avoid shocks even when they could.
  • Victims of domestic violence stay in unsafe environments
50
Q

Problems of Behaviourism

A
  1. Barnabus
  2. Reinforcements are not crucial for learning
51
Q

Garcia

A
  • Poison one sheep
  • The wolf attacks the sheep and gets really sick
  • Wolf learns to not attack the sheep
52
Q

Cognitive Revolution

A

Shift to focus on the internal mental processes driving human behavior

53
Q

Split Brain

A
  • Left hemisphere: speech
  • RIght hemisphere: action
54
Q

New Ways to Measure Brain Activity

A
  • fMRI
  • CT scan
  • MEG
55
Q

Hippocrates

A
  • Mental illness had to do with blood,
    phlegm, (yellow)bile, and black bile
56
Q

Asylum/BEDLAM

A
  • Available for public
  • Ran like a zoo
  • Abused and untrained staff
57
Q

Dorothy Dix

A
  • Found mentally ill people confined under inhumane conditions
  • Started a campaign to reform asylums
58
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • Psychoanalytic theory of personality
  • Identity, ego, consciousness
59
Q

Hypnotherapy

A

Hypnosis

60
Q

Neo-Freudians

A
  • Carl Jung
  • Anna Freud
61
Q

Behaviour Therapy

A

Systematic desensitisation

  • Graudally exposing fears
62
Q

Carl Rogers

A
  • Humanistic Approach
  • Empathy and honesty is necessary for therapist
63
Q

Problems with DSM-5

A
  • Lowers the threshold for conditions
  • Expanding symptoms lead to overdiagnosis

0011 (6 decks)

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