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0011 > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Behaviourism

A
  • The stimulus and response and environmental contingencies shape the person
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2
Q

Skinner

A
  • People do things because of reward and punishment
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3
Q

Rats Maze Experiment

A
  • If don’t give food (reward), rat will not learn the maze
  • If given food (reward), rats will be inclined to learn the maze
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4
Q

Limitations of Cognitive Overload

A
  • Making machines that match our capabilities
  • E.G. Designing xbox controllers for human hands
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5
Q

Mental Chronometry

A

Measuring how long thoughts take
Measured with:

  1. Simple Reaction Time: press button to any light
  2. Choice Reaction Time: press one button to red light and another button to green light
  3. Choice RT - Simple RT = Estimate of stimulus evaluation time
  • Measured how long mental chronometry is BUT DOESN’T WORK
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6
Q

Memory Scanning Task

A

Docs

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7
Q

Prospect Theory

A

Docs

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8
Q

Selective Attention Test

A
  1. Focused Attention - Concentrated on specific task
  • E.G. Listening to lecturer
  1. Diffused Attention - Occurs subconsciously
  • E.G. Shower thoughts
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9
Q

Why is Attention Limited?

A
  • Hardware limitations - We have evolved for survival instincts. We are NOT evolved to use complex technology
  • Limited Attention Resources - We don’t have cognitive capacity
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10
Q

Selection for Action Theory

A
  • We can only pay attention to some things because we can’t do anything with the information if we do process it all
  • We select information we can act on
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11
Q

Locus of Selection

A
  • How thoroughly you think of something before you make a decision
  • Something is selected for processing and other things is discarded
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12
Q

Types of Locus Selection

A
  • Early LOS - rejecting on dating app just by appearance
  • E.G. Making decision and removing stimulus based on physical characteristics
  • Late LOS - Meet all 10 dates in person and then rejecting
  • E.G. Making decision based on deeper meaning
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13
Q

Dichotic Listening Task

A
  • People were aware of whether it was a voice at all but weren’t aware of the language of the voice
  • Docs
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14
Q

Cocktail Party Phenomenon

A
  • Attention shifted from conversation to another conversation when you hear your name
  • Not evidence but confirmation Bias
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15
Q

Flexible Locus of Selection

A
  • When we are completely focused on a task then we have an early locus selection for anything else going on because we don’t have spare resources
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16
Q

Feature Integration Theory

A
  • We process features independently in a preattentive manner (parallel process) and the role of attention was to bind these features together into objects (serial process)
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17
Q

Control of Attention

A
  • Endogenous - Target said wearing red dress, looking for red target
  • Exogenous - You are looking for a red target but a loud noise grabs your attention
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18
Q

Iconic Sensory Memory

A
  • Visual information
  • Requires no effort
  • Unlimited capacity but very short duration (50-200ms)
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19
Q

Echoic Memory

A
  • Auditory information
  • Requires no effort
  • Accurate and lasts 8 seconds
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20
Q

Short Term Memory

A
  • Limited 7+-2 items
  • Forgets within 20 seconds if not rehearsed
  • Phonological
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21
Q

Long Term Memory

A
  • Unlimited capacity
  • Forgets due to interference rather than decay
  • Semantic
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22
Q

Miller’s Law

A
  • People can hold 7+-2 items in their memory
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23
Q

Primacy Effect

A
  • Remember first items better then middle items in long term memory
  • E.G. Remembering a phone number
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24
Q

Recency Effect

A
  • Remembering the last items better then middle items in short-term memory
  • E.G. Last person interviewing for a job
25
Q

Short-Term Memory Coding Difference

A
  • We store things they way they sound
26
Q

Long-Term Memory Coding Differences

A
  • We store things based on what they mean
27
Q

Neuropsychological Evidence

A
  • HM had hoppocampus extracted and couldn’t transfer STM to LTM
  • Person who does not have long term memory only live in 20 second periods and their reality is within 20 seconds
28
Q

Phonological Loop

A
  • Counting demonstration
  • Speed of speech
  • Effect of language efficiency/digit span
29
Q

Episodic Memories

A
  • Memories of life events that happened to you
30
Q

Semantic Memories

A
  • Memories of generall knowledge
    Knowing but not remembering how you aquired it
  • E.G. Countries in Africa
31
Q

Hierarchal Network of Models

A

Docs

32
Q

Sentence Verification Task

A
  • Here is a sentence. Is it true?
  • The time to verify setence depends on distance between concepts
  • A dog is a mammal takes longer to verify than a dog is an animal
  • E.G. Robin is a bird. Is it true
33
Q

Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)

A
  • Emulate the organisation structure of neurons
  • E.G. When a person is driving a car, they are interpreting visual data while listening to music or talking to a friend e.t.c.
34
Q

How does scheme make us efficient

A
  • We are not processing from bottom up
  • However, perceptions can be distorted
  • Information can be omitted or more memorable if it does not fit in schema
35
Q

Arabs as Terrorists Study

A
  • Playing games with Arab terrorist increase negative conscious and unconsciouos attitudes against Arabs
  • Nonviolent games show less of this
36
Q

Script

A
  • The order to do them
  • E.G. Birthday script: Activity → birthday cake → sing happy birthday → lolly bag
37
Q

Procedural Memory

A
  • Non-verbalised
  • Memory for how to do things
  • Learnt through gradual experience and doing
  • Can visualise but can’t access procedural memory
  • E.G. Tie a shoe, cook an omelette
38
Q

Implicit Memory Tasks

A
  • Unconscious and effortless
  • Memory is needed but subject isn’t even trying to retrieve from memory
  • E.G. Fill in the gaps
39
Q

Explicit Memory Tasks

A
  • Recall previously learned information that requires conscious effort to receive
  • E.G. Write down what happened in yesterday’s lecture
40
Q

Dissociations between Implicit and Explicit Memory

A
  • Deep level of processing - Do you find trucks in a city?
  • Shallow level of processing - How many letters are there in insect
  • Whether it is spoken has no effect on explicitly memory but is greatly affected on implicit memory
41
Q

Declarative vs Procedural Study

A
  • Kim Peek’s concept encoding - doesn’t understand metaphors (get a grip of yourself)
  • Memory is perfect - doesn’t receive DRM effect
42
Q

Misinformation Paradigm

A
  • Tendency for the information you learned after an event to interfere with original memory of what happened
  • Hypnosis does not improve memory but improves CONFIDENCE in memory
43
Q

Lost in Shopping Mall Experiment

A
  • “Lost for an extended time in a shopping mall at age 6 and rescued by an elderly person”
  • 25% reported being lost in a mall and gave rich and vivid details
44
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A
  • Memories of personal circumstances when emotionally significant events happened
  • Memories of who you were, where you were, who you were with
  • NOT memories of event itself
45
Q

Pearl Harbour Experience

A
  • We are more confident about flashbulb memories, but they decay just like other memories
  • Childhood memorybelieved he was watching baseball but it was completely false since it wasn’t even baseball season
46
Q

Reminiscence Bump

A
  • Tendency for older adults to have increased recollection for events that occurred during adolescence
  • Encoding is more efficient in adolescence, making memories more memorable
47
Q

Memory and Ageing

A
  • Neurons lose their myelin across our lifespan
  • BUT there is no evidence that memory drops off as age increase
    We try less hard to remember so we assume that age affects memory
48
Q

Recognition

A
  • There are retrieval cue
49
Q

Recall

A
  • Requires effort to remember what was shown
  • No retrieval cues
  • E.G. Here is a blank sheet of paper. Write down everything you remember
50
Q

Aging and Attitudes on Memory Experiment

A
  • Half given “trivia” test, and other half given “memory” test
  • Only thing changed is name of test
  • Old adults performed worse on memory test compared to young adults
  • Both groups performed the same on trivia test
51
Q

Context

A
  • Extra information that helps retrieve memory
  • E.G. Mood, time, place, smells
52
Q

Godden and Baddeley

A
  • Memory is best when people are being tested in the same place they learnt
  • Recognition test give you the retrieval cue so they are easier
53
Q

Retro Interference

A
  • Forget previously learnt task due to learning of new task
  • E.G. Can’t remember old phone number after new phone number
  • To avoid, study and then go to sleep for new material to be well encoded
54
Q

Proactive Interference

A
  • Cannot learn new task because of old task that has been learnt
  • E.G. Can’t learn French because you know Spanish
  • To avoid, study first thing in the morning
55
Q

Cognitive Offloading

A
  • If you know something is being saved, you brain shuts off knowing you can watch it later
  • Hence, no attention is paid and memory is worsened
56
Q

Cognitive Offloading Experiment

A
  • Given a diagram and then given a large text reduced cognitive load compared to student given large text straight away
  • Memory is doubled
57
Q

Method of Loci

A
  • Improves memory
  • Associating abstract things with places
  • Find something that has the same number of things
  • E.G. Number of train stations your train goes past
58
Q

Low Utility Study Methods

A
  • Summarisation
  • Highlighting and Underlining
  • Rereading
59
Q

High Utility Study Methods

A
  • Practice Testing
  • Forward Testing Effect
  • Distributed Practice

0011 (12 decks)

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