Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

0011 > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Hippocrates (6th Century BC) and Galen (2nd Century BC)

A

Personality = Humours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Kant (18th Century)

A

Personality = Special laws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gall (18th Century)

A

Personality = Lumps in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Personality?

A
  1. Ego - The Self
  2. Material self - Me
  3. Social - Me
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. What is Personality?: EGO-THE SELF
A
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Existentialist
  • Humanist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. What is Personality?: MATERIAL SELF-ME
A
  • Biological
  • Heuristic
  • Complex systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. What is Personality?: SOCIAL-ME
A
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive behaviourism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Biological

A
  • Personality is within ourselves
  • Neural networks, gut biomes, genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Environmental

A
  • External experiences make up who we are
  • Family networks, cultural norms, nationality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nomothetic Methodologies

A
  • Experiments to make generalisations and laws of behaviour
  • Work in same way in all humans but vary in strength
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Idiographic methodologies

A

System unique to the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Psychoanalytical Approach

A
  • Freud
  • Focus on unconscious and childhood issues
  • Behaviour is a result of Id, ego and superego
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Psychodynamic Approach

A
  • Freud and neo-Freudians
  • Focus on unconscious and social factor’s impact on individuals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Psychosexual

A

1.Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Genital

See docs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Existentialism

A

Assumes people are neither good or bad

  1. Personal Growth
  2. Personal Experience
  3. Now and Here
  4. Personal Responsibility
  5. People can be good or bad
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Existentialism: PERSONAL GROWTH

A
  • Embracing the challenge of experiences
  • Willingness to make decisions and confront fears
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Existentialism: PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

A

Finding inner peace and the ability to adapt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Existentialism: NOW AND HERE

A

Being present and avoid dwelling the past or future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Existentialism: PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

A
  • Make good choices
  • Search for meaning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Existentialism: PEOPLE CAN BE GOOD OR BAD

A

People are who they are because of choices they make

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mental Health in Existentialism

A

Rejects the medical model of mental illness

  1. Incongruence - Discrepancy between one’s experiences and their self concept leads to anxiety
  2. Terror Management - Awareness and response to death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Humanism

A

Assumes people are good

  1. Personal Growth
  2. Personal Experience
  3. Now and Here
  4. Personal Responsibility
  5. Inherent Goodness in People
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Humanism: PERSONAL GROWTH

A

Encourages self-exploration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Humanism: PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

A

Embrace subjective experiences and emphasise uniqueness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Humanism: NOW AND HERE

A

Being present and avoid dwelling the past or future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Humanism: PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

A

Emphasise person’s autonomy and self-determination in shaping their experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Humanism: INHERENT GOODNESS IN PEOPLE

A

People are not fundamentally flawed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Existentialism: THE SELF

A
  • Existence is full of challenge
  • Challenges must be embraced to be worth living
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Contributions of Existentialism and Humanism

A
  • Gave rise to positive and transpersonal psychology
  • First theory to capitalise on free will
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Criticisicms of Existentialism and Humanism

A

Too much reliance on individual’s self reported conscious experience and introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Theoretical Approach

A
  • Lack of standardisation
  • Don’t know what is going on in one’s mind
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Clinical Approach

A
  • Doesn’t allow generalisation
  • Biased conclusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Behaviourism

A

The behaviour of a person is the product of all one has learned in the past

  1. Classical Conditioning
  2. Operant Conditioning
  3. Habituation
  4. Functional Analysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Radical Behaviourism

A

Only environmental contingencies shape the person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Behaviourism: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

A
  • Something that produces a response becomes paired with something else
  • Over time, the ‘something else’ produces the same response
  • Thoughts and feelings were irrelevant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Behaviourism: OPERANT CONDITIONING

A
  • Reward or punishment make a behaviour more or less likely
  • Assumption: Behavioural Hedonism: We are motivted to learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Behaviourism: HABITUATION

A

Responses reduce when stimuli repeats over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Cognitive Behaviourism

A
  • Emotions, thoughts, behaviours are linked to each other and thus affets how they feel
  • We don’t only learn through our own stimuli experiences but also learn from others
  • Includes self-system which allows for observational learning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Self-System

A
  1. Attentional Processes
  2. Retention Process
  3. Production Processes
  4. Motivation Processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Cognitive-Affective Account

A
  • Internal system mediates of situational input and behavioural output
  • Cognitive-Affective Personality System CAPS made up of Cognitive-Affective Units
    (CAU’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Contributions of Behavioural Approaches

A

Treatment of phobias, substance abuse, personality, and mood disorders

E.G. Cognitive-Behavioural therapy (CBT) and Systematic Desensitisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Trait Theory

A
  • Every human possess all traits, but not at the same intensity
  • Trait development ends in early adulthood
  • Traits constantly fluctuate

E.G. outgoing, impulsive, creative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Behavioural Genetics of Personality

A
  • Shared Environment (Family, school, culture) = 10%
  • Biological Genetics (hormones, genes, sex) = 40%
  • Non-shared Environment (unique experiences) = 50%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Hierarchy

A

See docs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Lexical Taxonomies

A

Identify trait-descriptors in natural language

a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Agreeableness
d. Conscientiousness
e. Openness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Psychobiological Taxonomy

A

Identifies the biological/genetic markers of traits

a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Psychoticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Lexical Methodologies

A

Individual differences become socially shared and will eventually become encoded into their language”

48
Q

Problem with Lexical Methodologies

A

Personality describe traits but don’t explain them

49
Q

Psychobiological Methodologies

A

Primary systems of personality

  1. Extraversion
  2. Neuroticism
50
Q

Extraversion

A

Associated with cortical arousal

  • Extraverts less easily aroused so need more stimulation
  • Introverts more easily aroused, so need less simulation
51
Q

Neuroticism

A

Associated with fight/flight system

  • Neurotics more easily aroused, so more easily panicked̶
  • Emotionally stable less easily aroused, so less easily panicked
52
Q

Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST)

A
  1. Behavioral Activation System -Sensitivity to reward
  2. Behavioural Inhibition System - Sensitivity to punishment
  3. Fight, Flight, Freeze - Sensitivity to unconditioned stimuli
53
Q

Contributions of Trait Theory???

A
  • Testable
  • Direct applications to occupational/educational psychology
54
Q

Limitations of Trait Theory???

A
  • Can’t manage the complex interactions between elements of personality
  • How to account for changes in personality traits through adulthood
55
Q

Id

A
  • Operates on pleasure principle
  • Seeking immediate gratification
56
Q

Ego

A
  • Operates on reality principle
  • Delays the gratification until the appropriate conditions are present
57
Q

Superego

A
  • Moral part of the mind
58
Q

Collective Unconscious

A
  • Made up of archetypes (themes and images)
  • Stored hidden memory traces inherited from our ancestral past
59
Q

Personality = Humours

A

Hippocrates (6th Century BC) and Galen (2nd Century BC)

60
Q

Personality = Special laws

A

Kant (18th Century)

61
Q

Personality = Lumps in brain

A

Gall (18th Century)

62
Q
  1. Ego - The Self
  2. Material self - Me
  3. Social - Me
A

What is Personality?

63
Q
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Existentialist
  • Humanist
A
  1. What is Personality?: EGO-THE SELF
64
Q
  • Biological
  • Heuristic
  • Complex systems
A
  1. What is Personality?: MATERIAL SELF-ME
65
Q
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive behaviourism
A
  1. What is Personality?: SOCIAL-ME
66
Q
  • Personality is within ourselves
  • Neural networks, gut biomes, genes
A

Biological

67
Q
  • External experiences make up who we are
  • Family networks, cultural norms, nationality
A

Environmental

68
Q
  • Experiments to make generalisations and laws of behaviour
  • Work in same way in all humans but vary in strength
A

Nomothetic Methodologies

69
Q

System unique to the individual

A

Idiographic methodologies

70
Q
  • Freud
  • Focus on unconscious and childhood issues
  • Behaviour is a result of Id, ego and superego
A

Psychoanalytical Approach

71
Q
  • Freud and neo-Freudians
  • Focus on unconscious and social factor’s impact on individuals
A

Psychodynamic Approach

72
Q

1.Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Genital

See docs

A

Psychosexual

73
Q

Assumes people are neither good or bad

  1. Personal Growth
  2. Personal Experience
  3. Now and Here
  4. Personal Responsibility
  5. People can be good or bad
A

Existentialism

74
Q
  • Embracing the challenge of experiences
  • Willingness to make decisions and confront fears
A

Existentialism: PERSONAL GROWTH

75
Q

Finding inner peace and the ability to adapt

A

Existentialism: PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

76
Q

Being present and avoid dwelling the past or future

A

Existentialism: NOW AND HERE

77
Q
  • Make good choices
  • Search for meaning
A

Existentialism: PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

78
Q

People are who they are because of choices they make

A

Existentialism: PEOPLE CAN BE GOOD OR BAD

79
Q

Rejects the medical model of mental illness

  1. Incongruence - Discrepancy between one’s experiences and their self concept leads to anxiety
  2. Terror Management - Awareness and response to death
A

Mental Health in Existentialism

80
Q

Assumes people are good

  1. Personal Growth
  2. Personal Experience
  3. Now and Here
  4. Personal Responsibility
  5. Inherent Goodness in People
A

Humanism

81
Q

Encourages self-exploration

A

Humanism: PERSONAL GROWTH

82
Q

Embrace subjective experiences and emphasise uniqueness

A

Humanism: PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

83
Q

Being present and avoid dwelling the past or future

A

Humanism: NOW AND HERE

84
Q

Emphasise person’s autonomy and self-determination in shaping their experiences

A

Humanism: PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

85
Q

People are not fundamentally flawed

A

Humanism: INHERENT GOODNESS IN PEOPLE

86
Q
  • Existence is full of challenge
  • Challenges must be embraced to be worth living
A

Existentialism: THE SELF

87
Q
  • Gave rise to positive and transpersonal psychology
  • First theory to capitalise on free will
A

Contributions of Existentialism and Humanism

88
Q

Too much reliance on individual’s self reported conscious experience and introspection

A

Criticisicms of Existentialism and Humanism

89
Q
  • Lack of standardisation
  • Don’t know what is going on in one’s mind
A

Theoretical Approach

90
Q
  • Doesn’t allow generalisation
  • Biased conclusions
A

Clinical Approach

91
Q

The behaviour of a person is the product of all one has learned in the past

  1. Classical Conditioning
  2. Operant Conditioning
  3. Habituation
  4. Functional Analysis
A

Behaviourism

92
Q

Only environmental contingencies shape the person

A

Radical Behaviourism

93
Q
  • Something that produces a response becomes paired with something else
  • Over time, the ‘something else’ produces the same response
  • Thoughts and feelings were irrelevant
A

Behaviourism: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

94
Q
  • Reward or punishment make a behaviour more or less likely
  • Assumption: Behavioural Hedonism: We are motivted to learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain
A

Behaviourism: OPERANT CONDITIONING

95
Q

Responses reduce when stimuli repeats over

A

Behaviourism: HABITUATION

96
Q
  • Emotions, thoughts, behaviours are linked to each other and thus affets how they feel
  • We don’t only learn through our own stimuli experiences but also learn from others
  • Includes self-system which allows for observational learning
A

Cognitive Behaviourism

97
Q
  1. Attentional Processes
  2. Retention Process
  3. Production Processes
  4. Motivation Processes
A

Self-System

98
Q
  • Internal system mediates of situational input and behavioural output
  • Cognitive-Affective Personality System CAPS made up of Cognitive-Affective Units
    (CAU’s
A

Cognitive-Affective Account

99
Q

Treatment of phobias, substance abuse, personality, and mood disorders

E.G. Cognitive-Behavioural therapy (CBT) and Systematic Desensitisation

A

Contributions of Behavioural Approaches

100
Q
  • Every human possess all traits, but not at the same intensity
  • Trait development ends in early adulthood
  • Traits constantly fluctuate

E.G. outgoing, impulsive, creative

A

Trait Theory

101
Q
  • Shared Environment (Family, school, culture) = 10%
  • Biological Genetics (hormones, genes, sex) = 40%
  • Non-shared Environment (unique experiences) = 50%
A

Behavioural Genetics of Personality

102
Q

See docs

A

Hierarchy

103
Q

Identify trait-descriptors in natural language

a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Agreeableness
d. Conscientiousness
e. Openness

A

Lexical Taxonomies

104
Q

Identifies the biological/genetic markers of traits

a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Psychoticism

A

Psychobiological Taxonomy

105
Q

Individual differences become socially shared and will eventually become encoded into their language”

A

Lexical Methodologies

106
Q

Personality describe traits but don’t explain them

A

Problem with Lexical Methodologies

107
Q

Primary systems of personality

  1. Extraversion
  2. Neuroticism
A

Psychobiological Methodologies

108
Q

Associated with cortical arousal

  • Extraverts less easily aroused so need more stimulation
  • Introverts more easily aroused, so need less simulation
A

Extraversion

109
Q

Associated with fight/flight system

  • Neurotics more easily aroused, so more easily panicked̶
  • Emotionally stable less easily aroused, so less easily panicked
A

Neuroticism

110
Q
  1. Behavioral Activation System -Sensitivity to reward
  2. Behavioural Inhibition System - Sensitivity to punishment
  3. Fight, Flight, Freeze - Sensitivity to unconditioned stimuli
A

Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST)

111
Q
  • Testable
  • Direct applications to occupational/educational psychology
A

Contributions of Trait Theory???

112
Q
  • Can’t manage the complex interactions between elements of personality
  • How to account for changes in personality traits through adulthood
A

Limitations of Trait Theory???

113
Q
  • Operates on pleasure principle
  • Seeking immediate gratification
A

Id

114
Q
  • Operates on reality principle
  • Delays the gratification until the appropriate conditions are present
A

Ego

115
Q
  • Moral part of the mind
A

Superego

116
Q
  • Made up of archetypes (themes and images)
  • Stored hidden memory traces inherited from our ancestral past
A

Collective Unconscious

0011 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions