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0011 > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Hippocrates (6th Century BC) and Galen (2nd Century BC)

A

Personality = Humours

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2
Q

Kant (18th Century)

A

Personality = Special laws

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3
Q

Gall (18th Century)

A

Personality = Lumps in brain

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4
Q

What is Personality?

A
  1. Ego - The Self
  2. Material self - Me
  3. Social - Me
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5
Q
  1. What is Personality?: EGO-THE SELF
A
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Existentialist
  • Humanist
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6
Q
  1. What is Personality?: MATERIAL SELF-ME
A
  • Biological
  • Heuristic
  • Complex systems
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7
Q
  1. What is Personality?: SOCIAL-ME
A
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive behaviourism
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8
Q

Biological

A
  • Personality is within ourselves
  • Neural networks, gut biomes, genes
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9
Q

Environmental

A
  • External experiences make up who we are
  • Family networks, cultural norms, nationality
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10
Q

Nomothetic Methodologies

A
  • Experiments to make generalisations and laws of behaviour
  • Work in same way in all humans but vary in strength
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11
Q

Idiographic methodologies

A

System unique to the individual

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12
Q

Psychoanalytical Approach

A
  • Freud
  • Focus on unconscious and childhood issues
  • Behaviour is a result of Id, ego and superego
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13
Q

Psychodynamic Approach

A
  • Freud and neo-Freudians
  • Focus on unconscious and social factor’s impact on individuals
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14
Q

Psychosexual

A

1.Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Genital

See docs

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15
Q

Existentialism

A

Assumes people are neither good or bad

  1. Personal Growth
  2. Personal Experience
  3. Now and Here
  4. Personal Responsibility
  5. People can be good or bad
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16
Q

Existentialism: PERSONAL GROWTH

A
  • Embracing the challenge of experiences
  • Willingness to make decisions and confront fears
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17
Q

Existentialism: PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

A

Finding inner peace and the ability to adapt

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18
Q

Existentialism: NOW AND HERE

A

Being present and avoid dwelling the past or future

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19
Q

Existentialism: PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

A
  • Make good choices
  • Search for meaning
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20
Q

Existentialism: PEOPLE CAN BE GOOD OR BAD

A

People are who they are because of choices they make

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21
Q

Mental Health in Existentialism

A

Rejects the medical model of mental illness

  1. Incongruence - Discrepancy between one’s experiences and their self concept leads to anxiety
  2. Terror Management - Awareness and response to death
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22
Q

Humanism

A

Assumes people are good

  1. Personal Growth
  2. Personal Experience
  3. Now and Here
  4. Personal Responsibility
  5. Inherent Goodness in People
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23
Q

Humanism: PERSONAL GROWTH

A

Encourages self-exploration

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24
Q

Humanism: PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

A

Embrace subjective experiences and emphasise uniqueness

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25
Q

Humanism: NOW AND HERE

A

Being present and avoid dwelling the past or future

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26
Q

Humanism: PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

A

Emphasise person’s autonomy and self-determination in shaping their experiences

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27
Q

Humanism: INHERENT GOODNESS IN PEOPLE

A

People are not fundamentally flawed

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28
Q

Existentialism: THE SELF

A
  • Existence is full of challenge
  • Challenges must be embraced to be worth living
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29
Q

Contributions of Existentialism and Humanism

A
  • Gave rise to positive and transpersonal psychology
  • First theory to capitalise on free will
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30
Q

Criticisicms of Existentialism and Humanism

A

Too much reliance on individual’s self reported conscious experience and introspection

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31
Q

Theoretical Approach

A
  • Lack of standardisation
  • Don’t know what is going on in one’s mind
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32
Q

Clinical Approach

A
  • Doesn’t allow generalisation
  • Biased conclusions
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33
Q

Behaviourism

A

The behaviour of a person is the product of all one has learned in the past

  1. Classical Conditioning
  2. Operant Conditioning
  3. Habituation
  4. Functional Analysis
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34
Q

Radical Behaviourism

A

Only environmental contingencies shape the person

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35
Q

Behaviourism: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

A
  • Something that produces a response becomes paired with something else
  • Over time, the ‘something else’ produces the same response
  • Thoughts and feelings were irrelevant
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36
Q

Behaviourism: OPERANT CONDITIONING

A
  • Reward or punishment make a behaviour more or less likely
  • Assumption: Behavioural Hedonism: We are motivted to learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain
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37
Q

Behaviourism: HABITUATION

A

Responses reduce when stimuli repeats over

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38
Q

Cognitive Behaviourism

A
  • Emotions, thoughts, behaviours are linked to each other and thus affets how they feel
  • We don’t only learn through our own stimuli experiences but also learn from others
  • Includes self-system which allows for observational learning
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39
Q

Self-System

A
  1. Attentional Processes
  2. Retention Process
  3. Production Processes
  4. Motivation Processes
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40
Q

Cognitive-Affective Account

A
  • Internal system mediates of situational input and behavioural output
  • Cognitive-Affective Personality System CAPS made up of Cognitive-Affective Units
    (CAU’s
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41
Q

Contributions of Behavioural Approaches

A

Treatment of phobias, substance abuse, personality, and mood disorders

E.G. Cognitive-Behavioural therapy (CBT) and Systematic Desensitisation

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42
Q

Trait Theory

A
  • Every human possess all traits, but not at the same intensity
  • Trait development ends in early adulthood
  • Traits constantly fluctuate

E.G. outgoing, impulsive, creative

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43
Q

Behavioural Genetics of Personality

A
  • Shared Environment (Family, school, culture) = 10%
  • Biological Genetics (hormones, genes, sex) = 40%
  • Non-shared Environment (unique experiences) = 50%
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44
Q

Hierarchy

A

See docs

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45
Q

Lexical Taxonomies

A

Identify trait-descriptors in natural language

a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Agreeableness
d. Conscientiousness
e. Openness

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46
Q

Psychobiological Taxonomy

A

Identifies the biological/genetic markers of traits

a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Psychoticism

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47
Q

Lexical Methodologies

A

Individual differences become socially shared and will eventually become encoded into their language”

48
Q

Problem with Lexical Methodologies

A

Personality describe traits but don’t explain them

49
Q

Psychobiological Methodologies

A

Primary systems of personality

  1. Extraversion
  2. Neuroticism
50
Q

Extraversion

A

Associated with cortical arousal

  • Extraverts less easily aroused so need more stimulation
  • Introverts more easily aroused, so need less simulation
51
Q

Neuroticism

A

Associated with fight/flight system

  • Neurotics more easily aroused, so more easily panicked̶
  • Emotionally stable less easily aroused, so less easily panicked
52
Q

Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST)

A
  1. Behavioral Activation System -Sensitivity to reward
  2. Behavioural Inhibition System - Sensitivity to punishment
  3. Fight, Flight, Freeze - Sensitivity to unconditioned stimuli
53
Q

Contributions of Trait Theory???

A
  • Testable
  • Direct applications to occupational/educational psychology
54
Q

Limitations of Trait Theory???

A
  • Can’t manage the complex interactions between elements of personality
  • How to account for changes in personality traits through adulthood
55
Q

Id

A
  • Operates on pleasure principle
  • Seeking immediate gratification
56
Q

Ego

A
  • Operates on reality principle
  • Delays the gratification until the appropriate conditions are present
57
Q

Superego

A
  • Moral part of the mind
58
Q

Collective Unconscious

A
  • Made up of archetypes (themes and images)
  • Stored hidden memory traces inherited from our ancestral past
59
Q

Personality = Humours

A

Hippocrates (6th Century BC) and Galen (2nd Century BC)

60
Q

Personality = Special laws

A

Kant (18th Century)

61
Q

Personality = Lumps in brain

A

Gall (18th Century)

62
Q
  1. Ego - The Self
  2. Material self - Me
  3. Social - Me
A

What is Personality?

63
Q
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Existentialist
  • Humanist
A
  1. What is Personality?: EGO-THE SELF
64
Q
  • Biological
  • Heuristic
  • Complex systems
A
  1. What is Personality?: MATERIAL SELF-ME
65
Q
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive behaviourism
A
  1. What is Personality?: SOCIAL-ME
66
Q
  • Personality is within ourselves
  • Neural networks, gut biomes, genes
A

Biological

67
Q
  • External experiences make up who we are
  • Family networks, cultural norms, nationality
A

Environmental

68
Q
  • Experiments to make generalisations and laws of behaviour
  • Work in same way in all humans but vary in strength
A

Nomothetic Methodologies

69
Q

System unique to the individual

A

Idiographic methodologies

70
Q
  • Freud
  • Focus on unconscious and childhood issues
  • Behaviour is a result of Id, ego and superego
A

Psychoanalytical Approach

71
Q
  • Freud and neo-Freudians
  • Focus on unconscious and social factor’s impact on individuals
A

Psychodynamic Approach

72
Q

1.Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Genital

See docs

A

Psychosexual

73
Q

Assumes people are neither good or bad

  1. Personal Growth
  2. Personal Experience
  3. Now and Here
  4. Personal Responsibility
  5. People can be good or bad
A

Existentialism

74
Q
  • Embracing the challenge of experiences
  • Willingness to make decisions and confront fears
A

Existentialism: PERSONAL GROWTH

75
Q

Finding inner peace and the ability to adapt

A

Existentialism: PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

76
Q

Being present and avoid dwelling the past or future

A

Existentialism: NOW AND HERE

77
Q
  • Make good choices
  • Search for meaning
A

Existentialism: PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

78
Q

People are who they are because of choices they make

A

Existentialism: PEOPLE CAN BE GOOD OR BAD

79
Q

Rejects the medical model of mental illness

  1. Incongruence - Discrepancy between one’s experiences and their self concept leads to anxiety
  2. Terror Management - Awareness and response to death
A

Mental Health in Existentialism

80
Q

Assumes people are good

  1. Personal Growth
  2. Personal Experience
  3. Now and Here
  4. Personal Responsibility
  5. Inherent Goodness in People
A

Humanism

81
Q

Encourages self-exploration

A

Humanism: PERSONAL GROWTH

82
Q

Embrace subjective experiences and emphasise uniqueness

A

Humanism: PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

83
Q

Being present and avoid dwelling the past or future

A

Humanism: NOW AND HERE

84
Q

Emphasise person’s autonomy and self-determination in shaping their experiences

A

Humanism: PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

85
Q

People are not fundamentally flawed

A

Humanism: INHERENT GOODNESS IN PEOPLE

86
Q
  • Existence is full of challenge
  • Challenges must be embraced to be worth living
A

Existentialism: THE SELF

87
Q
  • Gave rise to positive and transpersonal psychology
  • First theory to capitalise on free will
A

Contributions of Existentialism and Humanism

88
Q

Too much reliance on individual’s self reported conscious experience and introspection

A

Criticisicms of Existentialism and Humanism

89
Q
  • Lack of standardisation
  • Don’t know what is going on in one’s mind
A

Theoretical Approach

90
Q
  • Doesn’t allow generalisation
  • Biased conclusions
A

Clinical Approach

91
Q

The behaviour of a person is the product of all one has learned in the past

  1. Classical Conditioning
  2. Operant Conditioning
  3. Habituation
  4. Functional Analysis
A

Behaviourism

92
Q

Only environmental contingencies shape the person

A

Radical Behaviourism

93
Q
  • Something that produces a response becomes paired with something else
  • Over time, the ‘something else’ produces the same response
  • Thoughts and feelings were irrelevant
A

Behaviourism: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

94
Q
  • Reward or punishment make a behaviour more or less likely
  • Assumption: Behavioural Hedonism: We are motivted to learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain
A

Behaviourism: OPERANT CONDITIONING

95
Q

Responses reduce when stimuli repeats over

A

Behaviourism: HABITUATION

96
Q
  • Emotions, thoughts, behaviours are linked to each other and thus affets how they feel
  • We don’t only learn through our own stimuli experiences but also learn from others
  • Includes self-system which allows for observational learning
A

Cognitive Behaviourism

97
Q
  1. Attentional Processes
  2. Retention Process
  3. Production Processes
  4. Motivation Processes
A

Self-System

98
Q
  • Internal system mediates of situational input and behavioural output
  • Cognitive-Affective Personality System CAPS made up of Cognitive-Affective Units
    (CAU’s
A

Cognitive-Affective Account

99
Q

Treatment of phobias, substance abuse, personality, and mood disorders

E.G. Cognitive-Behavioural therapy (CBT) and Systematic Desensitisation

A

Contributions of Behavioural Approaches

100
Q
  • Every human possess all traits, but not at the same intensity
  • Trait development ends in early adulthood
  • Traits constantly fluctuate

E.G. outgoing, impulsive, creative

A

Trait Theory

101
Q
  • Shared Environment (Family, school, culture) = 10%
  • Biological Genetics (hormones, genes, sex) = 40%
  • Non-shared Environment (unique experiences) = 50%
A

Behavioural Genetics of Personality

102
Q

See docs

A

Hierarchy

103
Q

Identify trait-descriptors in natural language

a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Agreeableness
d. Conscientiousness
e. Openness

A

Lexical Taxonomies

104
Q

Identifies the biological/genetic markers of traits

a. Neuroticism
b. Extraversion
c. Psychoticism

A

Psychobiological Taxonomy

105
Q

Individual differences become socially shared and will eventually become encoded into their language”

A

Lexical Methodologies

106
Q

Personality describe traits but don’t explain them

A

Problem with Lexical Methodologies

107
Q

Primary systems of personality

  1. Extraversion
  2. Neuroticism
A

Psychobiological Methodologies

108
Q

Associated with cortical arousal

  • Extraverts less easily aroused so need more stimulation
  • Introverts more easily aroused, so need less simulation
A

Extraversion

109
Q

Associated with fight/flight system

  • Neurotics more easily aroused, so more easily panicked̶
  • Emotionally stable less easily aroused, so less easily panicked
A

Neuroticism

110
Q
  1. Behavioral Activation System -Sensitivity to reward
  2. Behavioural Inhibition System - Sensitivity to punishment
  3. Fight, Flight, Freeze - Sensitivity to unconditioned stimuli
A

Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST)

111
Q
  • Testable
  • Direct applications to occupational/educational psychology
A

Contributions of Trait Theory???

112
Q
  • Can’t manage the complex interactions between elements of personality
  • How to account for changes in personality traits through adulthood
A

Limitations of Trait Theory???

113
Q
  • Operates on pleasure principle
  • Seeking immediate gratification
A

Id

114
Q
  • Operates on reality principle
  • Delays the gratification until the appropriate conditions are present
A

Ego

115
Q
  • Moral part of the mind
A

Superego

116
Q
  • Made up of archetypes (themes and images)
  • Stored hidden memory traces inherited from our ancestral past
A

Collective Unconscious

0011 (12 decks)

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