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0011 > Mental Health Conditions > Flashcards

Mental Health Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Empirical Method

A
  1. Description
  2. Causation
  3. Treatment
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2
Q

Empirical Methods: DESCRIPTION

A
  • More complicated than mental health conditions since it can’t be observed
  • When illness are determined, they need to be classified and differentiated
  • E.G. Someone is vomitting –> Are they sick? Or are they pregnant? Or are they drunk?
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3
Q

Empiricial Method: CAUSATION

A
  • Biology
  • Psychological
  • Upbringing
  • Social environment
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4
Q

Empirical Methods: TREATMENT

A
  • Rigorous testing of treatments
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5
Q

3 D’s of Abnormality

A
  1. Deviates
  2. Distressing
  3. Dysfunction
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6
Q

3 D’s of Abnormality: DEVIATES

A
  • Behaviour that deviates from societal norms
  • HOWEVER, can’t use deviation as only factor for abnormality
  • E.G. People unique talents
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7
Q

3 D’s of Abnormality: DISTRESSING

A
  • Emotional suffering due to behaviour
  • HOWEVER, people with bipolar manic episodes think they aren’t distressed
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8
Q

3 D’s of Abnormality: DYSFUNCTION

A
  • Inability to perform daily activities
  • HOWEVER, people’s daily goals are different
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9
Q

Bio-Psycho-Social Model

A

Docs

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10
Q

Psychiatrist

A
  • Fully qualified medical doctor
  • Takes biomedical approach
  • Can prescribe medication
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11
Q

Clinical Psychologist

A
  • Makes the person feel better by hearing background
  • Change patient’s thoughts and feelings
  • Takes bio-psycho-social approach
    -Cannot prescribe medication
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12
Q

Social Worker

A
  • Work in direct services
  • Help people cope with problems related to social cultural issues
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13
Q

Counsellor

A
  • Non-judgmental listening ear
  • Works in particular area (family, marriage, school)
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14
Q

Bio-Medical Models: LIMITATIONS

A
  • People are reduced to smaller levels
  • Just because antidepressant increased chemical levels in brain doesn’t mean that was what you were lacking
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15
Q

Psychoanalytical Model

A
  • Freud
  • Id = Do what we want and don’t consider reality (Wants to kill dad)
  • Ego = Getting your needs and wants met in a way that doesn’t cause issues (Repression, denial)
  • Superego = Moral reasoning (Killing is wrong)
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16
Q

Psychoanalytical Model: TREATMENT

A
  • Build insight into unconscious processes
  • Develop awareness of defence mechanisms
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17
Q

Psychoanaltical Model: SIGNIFICANCE

A
  • Strong influence on the DSM
  • Revolutionised the concept of mental illness
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18
Q

Psychoanalytical Model: LIMITATIONS

A
  • Lacks evidence
  • Not open to empirical evaluation
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19
Q

Humanistic Model

A
  • Rogers and Maslow
  • Human beings are positive figures
  • Focus on being the best version of yourself
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20
Q

Humanistic Approach: TREATMENT

A
  • Empathy
  • Valuing a person without judgment
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21
Q

Humanistic Approach: LIMITATIONS

A
  • When is the best version of yourself achieved?
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22
Q

Behavioural Model

A
  • Classical Conditioning
  • Operant Conditioning
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23
Q

BEHAVIOURAL MODEL: TREATMENT

A
  • Exposure therapy
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24
Q

Behavioural Model: LIMITATIONS

A
  • Ignore person’s thoughts and feelings and only consider behaviour
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25
Q

Cognitive-Behavioural Model

A
  • What we think create our feelings which create our behaviour
  • E.G. Think dog is angry –> Feel scared –> We run
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26
Q

Negative Core Beliefs

A
  • Influences interaction and interpretation of the world
  • Comes from childhood or impactful experience
  • E.G. “I am unlovable”
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27
Q

Cognitive Distortion/Biases

A
  • Mind tricks thats not true
  • E.G. “If I don’t do this perfectly, I’m a failure”
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28
Q

Automatic Negative Thoughts

A
  • Quick, negative thoughts that pop up randomly
  • E.G. See someone frowning and think “They don’t like me”
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29
Q

Cognitive-Behavioural Model: TREATMENT

A
  • Psychoeducation: Noticing automatic thoughts
  • Cognitive Restructuring: Challenge content of automatic negative thoughts
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30
Q

Anxiety

A
  • Activated in response to perceived threat
  • Activation of Physical, Cogntive and Behavioural Systems
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31
Q

Physical System

A
  • Fight/flight response
  • Increases heart rate
  • Release adrenaline
  • Breathing speeds up
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32
Q

Cognitive System

A
  • What and how you pay attention
  1. Perception of threat (Hear something at night)
  2. Attentional shift towards threat (Turn around to see)
  3. Hypervigilance of source (Become hypervigilant)
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33
Q

Optimal Arousal

A

Docs

34
Q

Normal Anxiety

A
  • Things feared vary across individuals
  • Intensity of fear experienced varies
35
Q

Abnormal Anxiety

A
  • Same as normal anxiety but more severe
  • Overestimation of likelihood of negative outcome
  • Overestimation of the consequence of negative outcome
36
Q

Panic Attacks

A
  • Discrete period of intense fear that appears abruptly and peaks within 10 mins
37
Q

Cued Panic Attacks

A
  • Occur upon anticpated exposure to situation
  • E.G. Person has claustrophobia entering an elevator
38
Q

Uncued Panic Attack

A
  • Occur without warning
39
Q

Panic Disorder

A
  • Recurrent uncued panic attacks
  • At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month
40
Q

Safety Behaviours

A
  • Doing little things or big things that make you feel safe
  • E.G. Sitting close to exit to a place that you associate with panic attack
41
Q

Cognitive Theory of Panic Disorder

A

Docs

42
Q

Interoceptive Exposure

A
  • Letting bodily sensations marinate to build tolerance
  • E.G. Getting bodily sensations of panic attack and sitting with these feelings
43
Q

Phobia

A
  • Consistent fear to the presence or anticipation of a situation
44
Q

Phobia: PREVALENCE

A
  • 7-9% of adults have a phobia
    -More common in females
45
Q

Phobia: DEVELOPMENT

A
  • Traumatic events
  • Vicarious learning
46
Q

Generalised Anxiety Disorder (two examples)

A
  • Worry about everyday issues
  • Shift from one concern to another
  • “What if…?”
  • E.G. Finances, studies, terrorism, minor matters
  • E.G. Stuck in traffic → Lose job → Lose house → Homeless
47
Q

Generalised Anxiety Disorder: PREVALENCE

A
  • 6.1%
48
Q

Treatment of Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Make patient see likelihood of negative outcome is so little
  • Make patient see consequence of negative outcome is so little
49
Q

Psychoeducation

A
  • Ask patient to list out all the triggers that elicit anxiety
  • Ask patients to list out what they think and what they do
  • Relaxation techniques to address fight and flight response
50
Q

Cognitive Techniques

A
  • Reconstructing current assumptions
51
Q

Behavioural Techniques

A
  • Exposure therapy first imaginary
  • Deveop fear hierarchy
  • Relaxation techniques to address fight/fligiht response
52
Q

Biological Treatments

A
  • Treat symptoms not the cause
  • Should be paired with CBT
  • Antidepressents
53
Q

Mood Disorders

A
  • Disturbance in mood
54
Q

Sadness vs Clinical Depression

A
  • Frequency, intensity and duration
  • Don’t want to underdiagnosed depression in someone who has faced significant loss
55
Q

Clinical Depression: PREVALENCE

A
  • One in seven Australians will get depression in their lifetime
  • Third highest burden of all diseases in Australia
56
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A
  • Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not for
  • At least 2 years
57
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder: PREVALENCE

A
  • 1-2%
58
Q

Biological Theories for Depression

A
  • Genetic Vulnerability: 35-60% heritability
  • Neurochemistry: Low levels of noradrenaline and serotonin
  • Neuroendocrine: Increased stress and excess cortisol
59
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A
  • Applying electrical current to the brain
  • Highly effective
  • HOWEVER, relapse is common
  • HOWEVER, treating symptoms not cause
60
Q

Cognitive Vulnerability

A
  • During childhood, prone to develop automatic negative thoughts
61
Q

Schema Theory

A
  • Paying more attention to negative things → Negative thoughts become dominant
62
Q

Ruminative Response Styles

A
  • Thinking again and again about negative things
63
Q

Behavioural Activation

A
  • Gathering evidence to disconfirm negative beliefs and support positive beliefs
  • Doing more of the things they were doing before they were depressed
64
Q

Cognitive Restructuring

A
  • Looking for more realistic thoughts but NOT positive thinking
65
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • Restriction of calories intake leading to low body weight
  • Intense fear of gaining weight
66
Q

Anorexia: SEVERITY

A
  • Mild (BMI >/=17)
  • Moderate (BMI 16-16.99)
  • Severe (BMI 15-15.99)
  • Extreme (BMI<15)
67
Q

Types of Anorexia

A
  1. Restricting Type - During the last 3 months, individual has lost weight
  2. Binge Eating - During the last 3 months, individual has gained weight
68
Q

Psychological Problems of Anorexia

A
  • Depressed mood
  • Anger
  • Social withdraw
69
Q

Minnesota Semi Starvation Experiment

A
  • Doctors see what happen to healthy person who was malnourished over a period of time
  • RESULTS: Physically and emotionally and had psychotic symptoms
70
Q

Physical Problems of Anorexia

A
  • Low body temperature
  • Osteoporosis
  • Hair growth
71
Q

Prevalence of Anorexia

A
  • Affects 0.5-1% of females
  • 90% of individuals with Anorexia Nervosa are female
  • Typically begins in adolescence but recently they are getting younger
  • 20% remain chronically ill
72
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A
  • Recurrent episodes of binge eating
  • Eating large amounts of food and compensating with weight loss behaviours
73
Q

Psychological Problems of Bulimia

A
  • Depressed mood
  • Anger
  • Social withdraw
74
Q

Physical Problems of Bulimia

A
  • Stomach problems
  • Dental problems
75
Q

Prevalence of Bulimia

A
  • Affects 1-3% of females
  • 90% of individuals with bulimia nervosa are female
  • Long term outcome is better than anorexia nervosa
76
Q

Binge Eating Disorder

A
  • Recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging behaviors
77
Q

Prevalence of BED

A
  • Affects 2.5%
  • Adolescence to early adulthood
78
Q

Transdiagnostic Model

A
  • Perfectionalism
  • Core low self esteem
  • Docs
79
Q

Psycho-Social Theories of Causation

A
  • Family Factors
  • Peer Factors
  • Socio-Cultural Factors
80
Q

Treatment for Eating Disorders

A
  • Creating better habits with eating such as helping them cook food
  • Dietitian
81
Q
A

0011 (12 decks)

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