Mental Health Conditions Flashcards
Empirical Method
- Description
- Causation
- Treatment
Empirical Methods: DESCRIPTION
- More complicated than mental health conditions since it can’t be observed
- When illness are determined, they need to be classified and differentiated
- E.G. Someone is vomitting –> Are they sick? Or are they pregnant? Or are they drunk?
Empiricial Method: CAUSATION
- Biology
- Psychological
- Upbringing
- Social environment
Empirical Methods: TREATMENT
- Rigorous testing of treatments
3 D’s of Abnormality
- Deviates
- Distressing
- Dysfunction
3 D’s of Abnormality: DEVIATES
- Behaviour that deviates from societal norms
- HOWEVER, can’t use deviation as only factor for abnormality
- E.G. People unique talents
3 D’s of Abnormality: DISTRESSING
- Emotional suffering due to behaviour
- HOWEVER, people with bipolar manic episodes think they aren’t distressed
3 D’s of Abnormality: DYSFUNCTION
- Inability to perform daily activities
- HOWEVER, people’s daily goals are different
Bio-Psycho-Social Model
Docs
Psychiatrist
- Fully qualified medical doctor
- Takes biomedical approach
- Can prescribe medication
Clinical Psychologist
- Makes the person feel better by hearing background
- Change patient’s thoughts and feelings
- Takes bio-psycho-social approach
-Cannot prescribe medication
Social Worker
- Work in direct services
- Help people cope with problems related to social cultural issues
Counsellor
- Non-judgmental listening ear
- Works in particular area (family, marriage, school)
Bio-Medical Models: LIMITATIONS
- People are reduced to smaller levels
- Just because antidepressant increased chemical levels in brain doesn’t mean that was what you were lacking
Psychoanalytical Model
- Freud
- Id = Do what we want and don’t consider reality (Wants to kill dad)
- Ego = Getting your needs and wants met in a way that doesn’t cause issues (Repression, denial)
- Superego = Moral reasoning (Killing is wrong)
Psychoanalytical Model: TREATMENT
- Build insight into unconscious processes
- Develop awareness of defence mechanisms
Psychoanaltical Model: SIGNIFICANCE
- Strong influence on the DSM
- Revolutionised the concept of mental illness
Psychoanalytical Model: LIMITATIONS
- Lacks evidence
- Not open to empirical evaluation
Humanistic Model
- Rogers and Maslow
- Human beings are positive figures
- Focus on being the best version of yourself
Humanistic Approach: TREATMENT
- Empathy
- Valuing a person without judgment
Humanistic Approach: LIMITATIONS
- When is the best version of yourself achieved?
Behavioural Model
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
BEHAVIOURAL MODEL: TREATMENT
- Exposure therapy
Behavioural Model: LIMITATIONS
- Ignore person’s thoughts and feelings and only consider behaviour
Cognitive-Behavioural Model
- What we think create our feelings which create our behaviour
- E.G. Think dog is angry –> Feel scared –> We run
Negative Core Beliefs
- Influences interaction and interpretation of the world
- Comes from childhood or impactful experience
- E.G. “I am unlovable”
Cognitive Distortion/Biases
- Mind tricks thats not true
- E.G. “If I don’t do this perfectly, I’m a failure”
Automatic Negative Thoughts
- Quick, negative thoughts that pop up randomly
- E.G. See someone frowning and think “They don’t like me”
Cognitive-Behavioural Model: TREATMENT
- Psychoeducation: Noticing automatic thoughts
- Cognitive Restructuring: Challenge content of automatic negative thoughts
Anxiety
- Activated in response to perceived threat
- Activation of Physical, Cogntive and Behavioural Systems
Physical System
- Fight/flight response
- Increases heart rate
- Release adrenaline
- Breathing speeds up
Cognitive System
- What and how you pay attention
- Perception of threat (Hear something at night)
- Attentional shift towards threat (Turn around to see)
- Hypervigilance of source (Become hypervigilant)
Optimal Arousal
Docs
Normal Anxiety
- Things feared vary across individuals
- Intensity of fear experienced varies
Abnormal Anxiety
- Same as normal anxiety but more severe
- Overestimation of likelihood of negative outcome
- Overestimation of the consequence of negative outcome
Panic Attacks
- Discrete period of intense fear that appears abruptly and peaks within 10 mins
Cued Panic Attacks
- Occur upon anticpated exposure to situation
- E.G. Person has claustrophobia entering an elevator
Uncued Panic Attack
- Occur without warning
Panic Disorder
- Recurrent uncued panic attacks
- At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month
Safety Behaviours
- Doing little things or big things that make you feel safe
- E.G. Sitting close to exit to a place that you associate with panic attack
Cognitive Theory of Panic Disorder
Docs
Interoceptive Exposure
- Letting bodily sensations marinate to build tolerance
- E.G. Getting bodily sensations of panic attack and sitting with these feelings
Phobia
- Consistent fear to the presence or anticipation of a situation
Phobia: PREVALENCE
- 7-9% of adults have a phobia
-More common in females
Phobia: DEVELOPMENT
- Traumatic events
- Vicarious learning
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (two examples)
- Worry about everyday issues
- Shift from one concern to another
- “What if…?”
- E.G. Finances, studies, terrorism, minor matters
- E.G. Stuck in traffic → Lose job → Lose house → Homeless
Generalised Anxiety Disorder: PREVALENCE
- 6.1%
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
- Make patient see likelihood of negative outcome is so little
- Make patient see consequence of negative outcome is so little
Psychoeducation
- Ask patient to list out all the triggers that elicit anxiety
- Ask patients to list out what they think and what they do
- Relaxation techniques to address fight and flight response
Cognitive Techniques
- Reconstructing current assumptions
Behavioural Techniques
- Exposure therapy first imaginary
- Deveop fear hierarchy
- Relaxation techniques to address fight/fligiht response
Biological Treatments
- Treat symptoms not the cause
- Should be paired with CBT
- Antidepressents
Mood Disorders
- Disturbance in mood
Sadness vs Clinical Depression
- Frequency, intensity and duration
- Don’t want to underdiagnosed depression in someone who has faced significant loss
Clinical Depression: PREVALENCE
- One in seven Australians will get depression in their lifetime
- Third highest burden of all diseases in Australia
Persistent Depressive Disorder
- Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not for
- At least 2 years
Persistent Depressive Disorder: PREVALENCE
- 1-2%
Biological Theories for Depression
- Genetic Vulnerability: 35-60% heritability
- Neurochemistry: Low levels of noradrenaline and serotonin
- Neuroendocrine: Increased stress and excess cortisol
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- Applying electrical current to the brain
- Highly effective
- HOWEVER, relapse is common
- HOWEVER, treating symptoms not cause
Cognitive Vulnerability
- During childhood, prone to develop automatic negative thoughts
Schema Theory
- Paying more attention to negative things → Negative thoughts become dominant
Ruminative Response Styles
- Thinking again and again about negative things
Behavioural Activation
- Gathering evidence to disconfirm negative beliefs and support positive beliefs
- Doing more of the things they were doing before they were depressed
Cognitive Restructuring
- Looking for more realistic thoughts but NOT positive thinking
Anorexia Nervosa
- Restriction of calories intake leading to low body weight
- Intense fear of gaining weight
Anorexia: SEVERITY
- Mild (BMI >/=17)
- Moderate (BMI 16-16.99)
- Severe (BMI 15-15.99)
- Extreme (BMI<15)
Types of Anorexia
- Restricting Type - During the last 3 months, individual has lost weight
- Binge Eating - During the last 3 months, individual has gained weight
Psychological Problems of Anorexia
- Depressed mood
- Anger
- Social withdraw
Minnesota Semi Starvation Experiment
- Doctors see what happen to healthy person who was malnourished over a period of time
- RESULTS: Physically and emotionally and had psychotic symptoms
Physical Problems of Anorexia
- Low body temperature
- Osteoporosis
- Hair growth
Prevalence of Anorexia
- Affects 0.5-1% of females
- 90% of individuals with Anorexia Nervosa are female
- Typically begins in adolescence but recently they are getting younger
- 20% remain chronically ill
Bulimia Nervosa
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating
- Eating large amounts of food and compensating with weight loss behaviours
Psychological Problems of Bulimia
- Depressed mood
- Anger
- Social withdraw
Physical Problems of Bulimia
- Stomach problems
- Dental problems
Prevalence of Bulimia
- Affects 1-3% of females
- 90% of individuals with bulimia nervosa are female
- Long term outcome is better than anorexia nervosa
Binge Eating Disorder
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging behaviors
Prevalence of BED
- Affects 2.5%
- Adolescence to early adulthood
Transdiagnostic Model
- Perfectionalism
- Core low self esteem
- Docs
Psycho-Social Theories of Causation
- Family Factors
- Peer Factors
- Socio-Cultural Factors
Treatment for Eating Disorders
- Creating better habits with eating such as helping them cook food
- Dietitian
