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Psych 102 > Social > Flashcards

Social Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A
  • individuals often fail to help a victim when others are around
  • the more people are around the less likely they are to help themselves
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2
Q

What is social cognition?

A

ability to reason, remember and infer desires and beliefs of other people

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3
Q

What are costs of group behaviour?

A
  • people tend to stereotype and discriminate against other groups
  • people tend to load and do less in a group than on their own
  • people can show high levels of aggression
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4
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A
  • ability to represent the beliefs and desires of people who are not you
  • allows you to predict what others will do
  • explain motives behind their actions
  • reasons about where you agree and disagree with them
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5
Q

What is the right parietal junction?

A

brain region selectively active when we think about the thoughts of others

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6
Q

What is attribution?

A

inference about the cause of a person’s behaviour > disposition/personality or situational

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7
Q

What factors allow us to decide between dispositional or situational?

A
  • consistency: does the person act this way in similar situations
  • distinctiveness: does the person act this way in different situations
  • consensus: do other people act this way in similar situations
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8
Q

What is a fundamental attribution error?

A

general bias to make dispositional attributions

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9
Q

What are social norms?

A

expectations of appropriate behaviour which everybody in culture is supposed to act in accordance with

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10
Q

How can social norms be manipulated?

A
  • they’re hard to change
  • not cross- culturally universal
  • can be used to change people’s behaviours without realising
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11
Q

What is a belief?

A
  • enduring knowledge about the object, person or event.
  • Can be true/false given the way the world really is
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12
Q

What are attitudes?

A
  • semi-enduring feelings that predispose us to respond to objects, people and events.
  • Can be positive, neutral or negative
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13
Q

What is a behaviour?

A
  • actions that we take in the world.
  • Usually consequences of beliefs/attitudes but can also be random
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14
Q

What is persuasion?

A
  • attempt at changing a person’s attitudes, beliefs/behaviours
  • requires message source, content, target
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15
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

negative feeling experienced from attitudes/ belief/ behaviour contradiction, motivating us to change them

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16
Q

What is the elaboration likelihood model?

A

theoretical model of persuasion that argues that people can be influenced through one of two routes: systematic/ heuristic

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17
Q

What is the systematic route to persuasion?

A

persuading someone through reason, logic and sound arguments (beliefs)

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18
Q

What is the heuristic route to persuasion?

A

persuading somebody by appealing to their emotions, habits and indirectly (attitudes/behaviours)

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19
Q

What 2 characteristics does a target need for systematic persuasion?

A
  • motivation: message target must be motivated to listen, otherwise no reason to consider source’s argument
  • ability: message target must be able to think about message content
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20
Q

What is the guru effect?

A

if an expert says something incomprehensible we’re more likely to assume the idea must be very complex, not that the expert is bad at communicating the simple idea to us.

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21
Q

What is the foot-in-door technique?

A

make small request first and once they comply, make bigger one

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22
Q

What is the door-in-face technique?

A

make impossible huge request first and when they decline make smaller one

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23
Q

What is implicit priming?

A

method of persuasion that brings up an association for target, who then automatically and unconsciously transfer it with a different behaviour/ attitude

24
Q

what is intimidation?

A
  • changing one’s belief, attitude or behaviour through dominance, threats, social status, or harm to the target itself
  • can be direct/indirect
  • primarily targets behaviour
25
Q

How can social role be used for indirect intimidation?

A

By placing people into specific roles, we can change their behaviours and make them adopt behaviours inconsistent with their beliefs/attitudes
eg. Stanford prison study

26
Q

What are social groups?

A

collection of individuals who interact with each other in cohesive structures involving norms and common goals

27
Q

What is group cohesion?

A

a sense of unity, belonging and group efficiency

28
Q

What are group norms/social contract?

A

rules that govern the privileges and the costs of group membership; often implicit

29
Q

What is in-group positivity?

A

attributing positive traits to members of ingroup

30
Q

What is out-group negativity?

A

attributing negative traits to members of outgroup

31
Q

What is social facilitations?

A

situations in which groups perform better together than any individual within the group would on their own

32
Q

When is social facilitation maximised?

A
  • group cohesion is high
  • common goal is well defined and easy
  • credit and blame can be given easily
  • when group isn’t too large
33
Q

What are risks of group?

A
  • Diffusion of responsibility
  • Group think
  • Conformity and deindividuation
  • Reduced cooperation with other groups
34
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A
  • diminished sense of responsibility experienced by individuals in groups;
  • the larger the group, the more diffusion occurs.
35
Q

What is groupthink?

A
  • Situation where the group maximizes cohesion/ unity ahead of making an effective decision;
  • especially likely when the group’s identity is threatened.
36
Q

How does groupthink occur?

A
  • Illusion of agreement: falsely believing all members have same belief.
  • Self-Censorship: not voicing your outlier view to maintain unity.
  • Extreme outgroup negativity: belief that some outgroup is attempting to dissolve the ingroup.
  • Illusion of invulnerability: belief that the group couldn’t make a bad decision.
37
Q

What is group polarisation?

A

Groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme/ polarizing than any single member would have on their own

38
Q

What is conformity?

A
  • Change of one’s attitudes, beliefs and/or behaviours to be more consistent with the norms of the group;
  • most often done to demonstrate membership and increase belonging
39
Q

What is temporary public conformity?

A

compliance

40
Q

What is conformity leading to enduring challenges in beliefs, attitudes and behaviours?

A

conversion

41
Q

What are stereotypes?

A
  • beliefs about typical behaviour of a certain group/category of people or things
  • generalizations about members of social groups
42
Q

What is prejudice?

A

attitudes about people or things that belong to a category/group

43
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Behaviours influenced by prejudice towards certain group or category

44
Q

What is a generalisation?

A

inference that a particular phenomenon will share properties/traits with the broader category to which it belongs

45
Q

what is confirmation bias?

A

tendency to seek out and notice evidence that agrees with their beliefs, desires, stereotypes

46
Q

What is stereotype threat?

A

Reminding people of their group membership and relevant stereotype can change their performance on a subsequent task

47
Q

What is contact hypothesis?

A

prejudice is reduced when we interact and cooperate with people from groups different than our own

48
Q

How does contact change how we think about out-groups?

A
  • empathy
  • education
  • reduce outgroup homogeneity
  • crossed categorisation
49
Q

What are the 2 types of cooperation?

A

working with other to achieve their goal
- mutuall beneficial: their goals = your goals
- altruistic: their goals ≠ your goals

50
Q

What are the cognitive reasons we cooperate?

A
  • we benefit from co-op more than it costs us
  • reciprocity
51
Q

What are the evolutionary reasons we cooperate?

A
  • Co-op offers evolutionary advantage
  • people help their kind more than strangers
  • people help ingroup more than outgroup
52
Q

What are the social reasons we cooperate?

A
  • there are consequences if we don’t
  • social norms come with consequences
53
Q

What are the 2 types of aggression?

A
  • proactive: planned and purposeful
  • reactive: in response to negative state
54
Q

What is the cognitive cause of aggression?

A
  • to neutralize a negative state
  • frustration aggression hypothesis: aggression occurs when goals are disrupted
  • reactive aggression: aggression is a response to negative effect
55
Q

What is the biological cause of aggression?

A
  • amygdala (emotional processing) > stimulating amygdala increases hostility
  • testosterone > increases when feeling challenged
56
Q

What is the social cause of aggression?

A

social learning theory: our behaviour is learned by observing and imitating others

Psych 102 (8 decks)

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