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Psych 102 > Emotions > Flashcards

Emotions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are motivational states?

A
  • psychological and physiological states that initiate the organism towards or away from specific goals
  • lead to approach and avoidance behaviour
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2
Q

What are approach behaviours?

A

motivational state stops once you acquire a goal

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3
Q

What are avoidance behaviours?

A

motivational state stops once you avoid a goal

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4
Q

What can biological motivational states further be broken down into?

A
  • bodily sensations
  • emotions
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5
Q

What are bodily sensations?

A
  • motivational states often triggered by internal (bodily) events
  • have physiological arousal
  • have dedicated, unambiguous neural signal that guides organism towards specific action
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6
Q

What are emotions?

A
  • motivational states often triggered by external word events
  • marked by physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation and observable facial and bodily expression
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7
Q

What are the 2 categories of motivational states?

A
  • biological motivational states: automatic, minimal conscious control help us survive and reproduce
  • Acquired states: learned, culturally defined, controlled and don’t directly contribute to our immediate survival
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8
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

prepares body for action/ threat

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9
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

returns the body to its normal resting state

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10
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

responsible for regulating bodily sensations, esp. arousal and hunger

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11
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

plays a key role in emotional processes, esp. fear and reward

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12
Q

What is the James Lange theory?

A
  • a stimulus causes unique physiological reactions which produces a dedicated emotional experience in the brain.
  • There is no confusion about what emotion you are experiencing.
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13
Q

What is the cannon-bard theory?

A
  • a stimulus triggers both physiological reaction and a separate brain-based emotional response.
  • Arousal and emotion occur at same time, and there is no confusion about what emotion you are feeling.
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14
Q

What was the amphetamine experiment?

A

participants are given amphetamines (increasing arousal) and either told that they were given a drug, or were told it was just water.
What should they experience?

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15
Q

What was James-Lange’s hypothesis in the amphetamine experiment?

A

both groups experience arousal and therefore same emotion

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16
Q

What was James-Lange’s hypothesis in the amphetamine experiment?

A

the water group should feel no emotion, since they have no association between drinking water and emotions.

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17
Q

What were the actual results of the amphetamine experiment?

A
  • all participants experienced emotions, but it differed by group
  • drug group experienced arousal as a pleasant sensation
  • water group felt agitated and unpleasant.
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18
Q

What was the capilano suspension bridge experiment?

A
  • participants cross the Capilano suspension bridge or a normal bridge, and then interact with an opposite-sex research assistant;
  • they are later asked how attracted they were to them.
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19
Q

What was James-Lange’s hypothesis in the capilano bridge experiment?

A

no increased attraction, since arousal is unambiguously from bridge

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20
Q

What was Cannon Bard’s hypothesis in the capilano bridge experiment?

A

no increased attraction, since arousal is unambiguously from bridge

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21
Q

What were the actual results of the capilano bridge study?

A

Capilano bridge group reported significantly higher attraction towards the research assistant than those crossing a normal bridge, misinterpreting their arousal from the bridge as attraction towards assistant.

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22
Q

What is the 2 factor theory of emotions?

A
  • emotions are interpretations
  • emotions are best guesses from physiological reactions: we experience arousal, and then try to find out why, leading to an emotional state.
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23
Q

What is the fast pathway?

A
  • when we first observe a stimulus
  • leads directly to the amygdala and makes us act fast and feel an initial jolt of fear or surprise.
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24
Q

What is the slow pathway?

A
  • separate process
  • sends information to cortical regions of the brain
  • assessing if the threat is real, what the source is, and can revise that emotion into happiness, sadness, etc.
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25
Q

What 2 roles do emotions serve?

A
  • Internal (goals): guide us towards goals
  • External (info): communicate to others our internal state
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26
Q

What are the 2 debates about emotions we feel?

A
  1. emotional categories: are emotions separate from each other and precisely defined (categorical) or do emotions freely blend (non categorical)
  2. Emotional universality: do all humans experience emotions in the same way (universality) or are there cross cultural differences (non-universality)
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27
Q

What is the discrete emotion theory?

A
  • there is a limited number of universal core/primary emotions each associated with specific biological and evolutionary function
  • 6 primary emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, fear
28
Q

What is evidence for the universality of facial expressions?

A

same facial expressions are present in non-human animals and even new born babies

29
Q

What is the fusiform face area?

A

brain area dedicated to facial recognition

30
Q

What is Prosopagnosia?

A
  • neurological problem leading to “face blindness”: the inability to recognize or properly perceive faces
  • usually from damage to the FFA
31
Q

What is constructed emotion theory?

A
  • non-categorical and universalist
  • all emotions are a mixture of two specific factors: arousal and valence.
  • Emotions are always fluidly interpreted.
32
Q

What 2 signals travel to the Hypothalamus to generate hunger?

A
  • Leptin (not hunger signal): hormone secrete by fat cells once fat reaches genetically specified level
  • Ghrelin (hungry signal): peptide secreted by stomach when it’s empty; stretching stomach stops production of ghrelin
33
Q

What are Leptin-mice?

A

mice whose DNA was altered so that their bodies do not produce leptin and never feel full

34
Q

What are eating disorders?

A

clinically diagnosed psychological disorder defined by abnormal eating habits

35
Q

What is obesity?

A

eating disorder characterized by excessive

36
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A

eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging, but relatively normal weight

37
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

eating disorder characterized by severe anxiety about being perceived as fat and intense restriction of food intake, leading to dramatically low weight

38
Q

What is DHEA?

A
  • steroid that is later built into testosterone and estrogen
  • the accumulation of DHEA is the (slow) onset of puberty
39
Q

Which hormone produces sexual arousal in humans and non-human animals?

A
  • animals: testosterone and estrogen
  • humans: both male and females > testosterone
40
Q

What is the human sexual response cycle?

A
  • the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity
  • 4 phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
41
Q

What are the 3 theories on the origin of motivation?

A
  • instinct: motivational states are evolutionary adaptations
  • drive: motivational states are balancing acts for internal states
  • incentive: motivational states are things we feel rewarded for
42
Q

What is an instinct?

A

a non-learned (“innate”), complex behavior programmed throughout a species to increase the chance of survival and sexual

43
Q

What are the problems with instinct theory of motivation?

A
  1. motivational states aren’t automatic
  2. extreme proliferation of instincts
  3. behavioural flexibilities
44
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

tendency for a system to take actions to keep itself in a particular balanced state

45
Q

What is drive?

A
  • motivational states are caused by your body’s physiology in order to maintain homeostasis in various systems.
  • Drives activate when something is out of balance.
46
Q

What is the Yerkes - Dodson Law?

A

the U-shaped relationship between amount of arousal and performance on a task

47
Q

What are the problems with drive theory of motivation?

A
  1. We do things without need for homeostasis, or when we are already off-balance
  2. somewhat good account of biological motivational states but struggles to explain acquired motivational states
48
Q

What is incentive theory of motivation?

A
  • we are motivated for things we receive rewards for, and motivated to avoid those that we are punished for.
  • If expected reward/ perceived value of reward grows > so does motivation
  • the longer we have to wait for reward, the less motivated we become
49
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

motivation marked by expected reward and value that is internal (e.g., personal enjoyment)

50
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

motivation marked by expected reward and value that is external (e.g., praise)

51
Q

What is the over justification effect?

A

being offered an external reward for doing something we enjoy diminishes our intrinsic motivation to perform that action

52
Q

What is procrastination?

A
  • voluntary delay of an action despite being worse off for having made the delay.
  • related to general tendency towards impulsivity, and negatively correlated with conscientiousness
53
Q

What is the acquired motivational state of “need for belonging”?

A
  • motivational state to be in social groups, feeling accepted by others, and connected physically and psychologically
  • when you fail to satisfy it: loneliness, rejection
  • longterm loneliness = negative health outcomes
54
Q

What is the acquired motivation for achievement?

A
  • a motivational state that drives us towards succeeding, and being recognized for our behaviour.
  • performance orientation: focus on performance
  • mastery orientation: focus on learning, improving
55
Q

What is the acquired need for cognition?

A

motivational state that drives us to difficult, and challenging cognitive tasks, even for pleasure and to alleviate boredom.

56
Q

What is emotion?

A

a temporary state that includes unique subjective experiences and physiological activity, and that prepares people for action

57
Q

What are the 2 dimensions of emotion?

A
  • arousal: how energetic the feeling is
  • valence: how positive a feeling is
58
Q

What is appraisal?

A

conscious or unconscious evaluations and interpretations of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus or event

59
Q

What are action tendencies?

A
  • produced by emotions
  • readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-relevant behaviours
60
Q

What is facial feedback hypothesis?

A

suggests that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they typically signify

61
Q

What is loss aversion?

A

the tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal-size gains

62
Q

What is terror management theory?

A
  • a theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality
  • suggests that one way people cope with this is by developing a cultural worldview
63
Q

What is the hedonic principle?

A

people are primarily motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

64
Q

What is emotion regulation?

A

the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience

65
Q

What is reappraisal?

A

changing one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus

66
Q

What is affect labelling?

A

putting one’s feelings into words

67
Q

What is suppression?

A

inhibiting the outward signs of an emotion

Psych 102 (8 decks)

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