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Psych 102 > Disorders > Flashcards

Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a disorder?

A

Mental/psych disorder characterised by:
- Persistent
- Cognitive/emotional distress
- Leading to significant impairment in daily function
- Due to underlying psychobiological dysfunction and not only environmental factors
- That is not primarily the result of social deviance/ societal conflict.

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2
Q

What is the medical model of disorders?

A
  • mental disorders are due to physical/biological causes
  • have clear and unidentifiable symptoms and
  • can be cured like any other physical disease that affects the body
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3
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A
  • psychological disorders are caused by interactions between biological, psychological and social factors
  • Must be treated by addressing all three
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4
Q

What is the DSM-5-TR?

A

a classification system for diagnosing recognized disorders, indicating how they can be distinguished from other similar problems and describing their typical symptoms.

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5
Q

What are the central features of the DSM-5?

A
  1. developed by researchers in psych.
  2. a-theoretical: categorising, not explaining
  3. impairment in everyday function
  4. medical, environ., deviancy exclusion
  5. criteria and decision rules
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6
Q

Why is the DSM-5 updated every 8-12 years?

A
  • to identify new disorders (hoarding)
  • to update existing disorders (autism)
  • to remove previous disorders (homosexual.)
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7
Q

What are the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ASD?

A
  • Persistent deficits in social com and social interactions across contexts, not accounted for by developmental delays
  • restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviours
  • symptoms present in early childhood
  • symptoms limit and impair everyday functioning
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8
Q

What are criticisms of the DSM-5?

A
  • comorbidity
  • categorical disorders: treats most disorders as categorical, when they’re variations in severity
  • not focusing on causes: focus only on symptoms cause underlying conditions to be diagnosed as same disorder
  • cultural biases: “impairment in everyday function” varies btw cultures
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9
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

co-occurence of 2 or more diagnoses within the same individual

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10
Q

What is anxiety?

A
  • state of apprehension and tension in which a person anticipates upcoming danger, misfortune
  • diff from fear/stress
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11
Q

What is an anxiety disorders?

A
  • disorders in which excessive, irrational, automatic, and impairing anxiety is the primary manifesting symptom
  • strong genetic component, correlated with high neuroticism
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12
Q

What is category prevalence?

A

most commonly diagnosed clinical disorder

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13
Q

What are phobic disorders?

A

marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, and/or situations

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14
Q

What is Fear conditioning theory?

A

that phobias are caused by associating a particular stimulus with a negative event through trauma

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15
Q

What was the Little albert experiment?

A
  • exemplifies fear conditioning theory
  • 6-month-old infant not previously afraid of white rats was conditioned by pairing a loud noise every time he touched the rat; his fear generalized to other white, furry things
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16
Q

What is preparedness theory?

A

we are evolutionarily programmed to be afraid of certain things even with minimal experience

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17
Q

What is the Garcia effect?

A

when a rat mildly poisoned once after drinking sugar water they will upon recovering never again drink sugar water again (even if they were actually poisoned by something else)

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18
Q

What is social anxiety disorder?

A
  • excessive anxiety around being judged by others, often to the point that the person avoids all social situation
  • Individuals with social anxiety crave social contact, but are worried about humiliation and judgement
  • Onset is most often in childhood, with moderate correlations with temperament and neuroticism
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19
Q

What is general anxiety disorder?

A
  • anxiety disorder characterized by chronic and excessive worry accompanied by
  • fatigue,
  • concentration problems,
  • irritability,
  • muscle tension,
  • sleep disturbance for more than 6 months.
20
Q

How heritable is GAD?

A
  • moderately heritable
  • environmental effects are other main predictor
21
Q

What are schizophenia spectrum and psychotic disorders?

A

category in which delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and motor movements, and absence of typical psychological functions are the main features

22
Q

What are positive and negative symptoms?

A

pos: presence of abnormal processes
neg: absence of typical processes

23
Q

What is the category prevalence for schizophenia spectrum and psychotic disorders?

A

very rare: <1% lifetime prevalence

24
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • Hallucinations: false perceptions
  • delusions: false beliefs
  • disorganised speech: disrupted verbal com
  • disorganised behaviour: abnormal motor mvmt.,catatonia
25
Q

What is catatonia?

A

lack of environmental response

26
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • flat effect: lack of emotions/ emotions appropriate for situation
  • social withdrawal: absence of social desire
  • lack of motivation: no desire to achieve goals
  • attention and working memory problems: no focus, no short term memory
27
Q

What are the 2 theorised causes of schizophrenia?

A
  • brain structure differences
  • dopamine hypothesis
28
Q

What brain differences cause schizophrenia?

A
  • Reduced grey matter: indicator of neurons in various brain regions
  • Reduced white matter: indicator of efficient connections between different brain regions
  • Enlarged ventricles: hollow regions of the brain with fluid, expand
29
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A
  • schizophrenia is caused by an overabundance of the neurotransmitter dopamine throughout the brain.
  • doesn’t explain neg symptoms
30
Q

What is a personality disorder?

A

disorders characterized by enduring patterns of thinking and behaving that
- deviates markedly from the norms and expectations of the individual’s culture,
- are pervasive and inflexible,
- have onset in adolescence or early adulthood, and
- lead to distress or impairment

31
Q

Name personality disorders?

A
  • schizoid personality, antisocial personality, borderline personality, dependent personality, etc
  • organised into 3 clusters of similar symptoms
32
Q

What are the 3 clusters of personality disorders?

A

A (odd/eccentric): social withdrawal, awkwardness and strange beliefs/manners of speaking/dressing
B (dramatic): problems in impulse control and emotional regulation, including lacking empathy towards others, unstable moods, or attention seeking
C (anxious/inhibited): feelings of anxiety and discomfort, in social situations, oversensitivity to negative comments, perfectionism, lack of self-confidence, etc.

33
Q

What is schizoid personality disorder?

A
  • cluster A disorder
  • detachment from social relationships and restricted range of expression in social situations that is by choice; usually indifferent to opinion to others , lack friends, show flat affect
  • More common in families with history of schizophrenia
  • diff from early onset schizophrenia and ASD
34
Q

What is antisocial personality disorder?

A
  • cluster B disorder
  • pervasive disregard and violation of rights of other since adolescence
  • Highly impulsive behaviors, aggression and irritability
  • Tendency to deceive others
  • Lack of remorse
    –> More common with history of child abuse, family history of disorder and early exposure to violent environment
35
Q

What is Borderline personality disorder?

A
  • cluster B disorder
  • pervasive pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image, and high impulsivity
  • fear of abandonment, identity disturbance, recurrent suicidal behavior, anger management issues
  • often overactive amygdala
36
Q

What is dependent personality disorder?

A
  • cluster C disorder
  • pervasive pattern of needing to be taken care by others, separation anxiety, and difficulty making decisions without excessive amount of advice and support from others
  • separation anxiety in childhood
37
Q

What are neurodevelopmental disorders?

A
  • category of disorders which onset in early childhood with significant impairment are the defining feature
  • varies from rare- common
38
Q

What is autism spectrum disorder?

A
  • pervasive and sustained deficits in social com and interaction
  • deficits in non-verbal com.
  • difficulties in having relationships
  • restricted/repetitive patterns of behavior
39
Q

What are the causes of ASD?

A
  • heritability of ASD is high
  • environmental risks: advanced parental age, premature birth, teratogen exposure
40
Q

What is ADHD?

A
  • persistent pattern of inattention and hyperactivity lasting at least 6 months and present prior to age 12
  • can be predominantly of one type, or combined
  • symptoms must occur in multiple settings
41
Q

What are the causes of ADHD?

A
  • heritability generally high
  • poor temperament in infancy and childhood
  • low birth weight
  • teratogen exposure
42
Q

What is the Diathesis stress model?

A
  • person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
  • most disorders have both internal (diathesis) and external causes (stress)
43
Q

What is a panic disorder?

A
  • occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
  • panic attack symptoms mimic vari. medical disorders
  • twice as prevalent among women
  • 30-40% genetic influence
44
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

specific phobia involving a fear of public places; fear that something terrible will happen

45
Q

What were the sodium lactate experiments?

A
  • chemical that produces rapid shallow breathing and heart palpitations
  • Those with panic disorders were found to be acutely sensitive to it: within few minutes 60-90% experienced a panic attack
  • those without disorder rarely responded to substance with panic attack
46
Q

What were the causes of the differential responses to sodium lactate in the experiment?

A

→ people who experience panic attacks may be hypersensitive to physiological signs of anxiety, which they interpret as having disastrous consequences for their well-being.
→ research showing that people who are high in anxiety sensitivity have an elevated risk for experiencing panic attacks

Psych 102 (8 decks)

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